Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (II):

##STR00001##

or a stereoisomer, tautomer or salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, M, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided.

-Substituted -amino acids, -substituted -amino acid derivatives, and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres and their use as chemotherapeutic agents are disclosed. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres are selective LAT1/4F2hc substrates and exhibit rapid uptake and retention in tumors expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter. Methods of synthesizing the -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and methods of using the compounds for treating cancer are also disclosed. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs exhibit selective uptake in tumor cells expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter and accumulate in cancerous cells when administered to a subject in vivo. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres exhibit cytotoxicity toward several tumor types.

-Substituted -amino acids, -substituted -amino acid derivatives, and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres and their use as chemotherapeutic agents are disclosed. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres are selective LAT1/4F2hc substrates and exhibit rapid uptake and retention in tumors expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter. Methods of synthesizing the -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and methods of using the compounds for treating cancer are also disclosed. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs exhibit selective uptake in tumor cells expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter and accumulate in cancerous cells when administered to a subject in vivo. The -substituted -amino acid derivatives and -substituted -amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres exhibit cytotoxicity toward several tumor types.

Provided are a hole transporting material for a photovoltaic device and a photovoltaic device including the same, wherein the hole transporting material is a triphenylamine derivative into which a specific substituent is introduced. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention is used as a material of a hole transport layer of the photovoltaic device to exhibit improved power conversion efficiency than those of the existing materials. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention has high hole mobility, an appropriate energy level, thermal stability, and good solubility due to a structural characteristic, and when the triphenylamine derivative is applied as the hole transporting material of the photovoltaic device, particularly, a perovskite solar cell, or an organic solar cell, excellent power conversion efficiency and device stability are exhibited as compared to the existing hole transporting material, Spiro-OMeTAD or PEDOT:PSS mixture.

Provided are a hole transporting material for a photovoltaic device and a photovoltaic device including the same, wherein the hole transporting material is a triphenylamine derivative into which a specific substituent is introduced. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention is used as a material of a hole transport layer of the photovoltaic device to exhibit improved power conversion efficiency than those of the existing materials. The triphenylamine derivative into which the specific substituent is introduced according to the present invention has high hole mobility, an appropriate energy level, thermal stability, and good solubility due to a structural characteristic, and when the triphenylamine derivative is applied as the hole transporting material of the photovoltaic device, particularly, a perovskite solar cell, or an organic solar cell, excellent power conversion efficiency and device stability are exhibited as compared to the existing hole transporting material, Spiro-OMeTAD or PEDOT:PSS mixture.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I), including salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, R.sup.1c, R.sup.1d, R.sup.1e, R.sup.1f, R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.2d, R.sup.2e, R.sup.2f, R.sup.2g, R.sup.2h, R.sup.2i, R.sup.2j, x and y are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided.

##STR00001##

Compositions and methods for treating macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin, and, more specifically, for preventing the formation and/or accumulation of A2E are disclosed

Compositions and methods for treating macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin, and, more specifically, for preventing the formation and/or accumulation of A2E are disclosed

A method of preparing a 2,6 disubstituted anilines includes, reacting a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester with sufficient Grignard reagent R.sub.2CH.sub.2MgX to form the corresponding diol product, dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene; and hydrogenating the diol product to form the corresponding aniline. The 2,6 disubstituted anilines can be used to produce N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). The NHCs can find application in various fields such as organic synthesis, catalysis and macromolecular chemistry. Palladium catalysts containing the NHCs are also described.

A method of preparing a 2,6 disubstituted anilines includes, reacting a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester with sufficient Grignard reagent R.sub.2CH.sub.2MgX to form the corresponding diol product, dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene; and hydrogenating the diol product to form the corresponding aniline. The 2,6 disubstituted anilines can be used to produce N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). The NHCs can find application in various fields such as organic synthesis, catalysis and macromolecular chemistry. Palladium catalysts containing the NHCs are also described.