One aspect of the invention provides a composition of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) or a high penetration prodrug (HPP) for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The HPCs/HPPs are capable of being converted to parent active drugs or drug metabolites after crossing the biological barrier and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or metabolites can. Additionally, the HPPs are capable of reaching areas that parent drugs may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. The HPCs/HPPs can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

One aspect of the invention provides a composition of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) or a high penetration prodrug (HPP) for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The HPCs/HPPs are capable of being converted to parent active drugs or drug metabolites after crossing the biological barrier and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or metabolites can. Additionally, the HPPs are capable of reaching areas that parent drugs may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. The HPCs/HPPs can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

One aspect of the invention provides a composition of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) or a high penetration prodrug (HPP) for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The HPCs/HPPs are capable of being converted to parent active drugs or drug metabolites after crossing the biological barrier and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or metabolites can. Additionally, the HPPs are capable of reaching areas that parent drugs may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. The HPCs/HPPs can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

An electrochromic element including a first electrode, second electrode facing the first electrode with gap, electrolyte layer between the first and second electrodes, and layer including a compound represented by General Formula (1) where the layer is on or above the first electrode,

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are each a monovalent organic group wherein no hydrogen atom is at a benzyl site where the monovalent group may include a polymerizable functional group; and R.sub.5 to R.sub.28 are each a hydrogen atom, alkyl or alkoxy group where R.sub.25 and R.sub.28, or R.sub.26 and R.sub.27 may be bonded to form a structure represented by General Formula (2),

##STR00002##

where R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 are each an alkyl, alkoxy or aryl group, and R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 may be bonded via a common bond to form a cyclic structure when R.sub.29 and R.sub.30 are aryl groups.

Branched urethane methacrylate compounds are useful as backbone resins for increasing the performance of a fastening material. Furthermore, reactive resins and reactive resin components containing such compounds are useful for chemical fastening.

The present disclosure provides adamantyl compounds having one or more amine groups and one or more nitrate groups. The aminoadamantyl nitrate compounds can be used to treat disorders of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative diseases.

The triarylamine compound is represented by the following general formula (1), and the material, the optical element, and the optical apparatus each include a polymerized product (cured product) of the triarylamine compound.

##STR00001##

(In the general formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the alkylene group having a polymerizable functional group, and R.sup.3 to R.sup.12 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having a polymerizable functional group, and a polymerizable functional group, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 to R.sup.12 represents an electron-withdrawing group, and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.12 has a polymerizable functional group.)

A diamine compound of formula (I) is proposed as well as polymers, copolymers, polyamic acids, polyamic acid esters, or polyimides based on such compound.

A diamine compound of formula (I) is proposed as well as polymers, copolymers, polyamic acids, polyamic acid esters, or polyimides based on such compound.

The present disclosure provides adamantyl compounds having one or more amine groups and one or more nitrate groups. The aminoadamantyl nitrate compounds can be used to treat disorders of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative diseases.