In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing a primary or secondary amine and hydroxylated aromatic compounds. In some embodiments, the aromatic compound may be unsubstituted, substituted, or contain one or more heteroatoms within the rings of the aromatic compound. The methods described herein may be carried out without the need for transition metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions.

Provided is a compound including a repeating unit (A) having a carboxyl group on a side chain thereof and a repeating unit (B) having a carboxylate group having an ester residue exhibiting an aggregation-induced emission capability on a side chain thereof and the compound is useful as a polyvalent metal ion sensor such as calcium ions that is capable of reversible sensing and of being integrated into a device.

Provided is a compound including a repeating unit (A) having a carboxyl group on a side chain thereof and a repeating unit (B) having a carboxylate group having an ester residue exhibiting an aggregation-induced emission capability on a side chain thereof and the compound is useful as a polyvalent metal ion sensor such as calcium ions that is capable of reversible sensing and of being integrated into a device.

The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators.

##STR00001##

The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators.

##STR00001##

The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators. ##STR00001##

The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to modulators of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters or fragments thereof, including Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, compositions thereof, and methods therewith. The present invention also relates to methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using such modulators.

The present invention relates to modulators of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters or fragments thereof, including Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, compositions thereof, and methods therewith. The present invention also relates to methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using such modulators.

A monomer represented by Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, o, p, q, and r are the same as defined in the detailed description.