Disclosed herein are compounds of the general Formula (I), and methods of synthesizing substituted bicyclo[1.1.1 jpentanes. The synthetic methods described herein use a [1.1.1]propellane, a Group VIII transition metal compound, a hydride source and a reagent that can contribute a substituent to form a substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, such as a compound of the general Formula (I).

Disclosed herein is a novel class of multiple charged cationic or anionic compounds that are derived from an aza-Michael Addition reaction between a polyamine (Michael donor) and an activated olefin (Michael acceptor), methods of making the same, and use thereof. Also disclosed herein are the methods of using multiple charged cationic or anionic compounds disclosed herein in a reverse emulsion breaker composition to break reverse emulsion commonly found in a produced fluid in oil and gas operations. The disclosed REB methods or compositions are found to be more effective than those methods or compositions including commonly used for oil/solid and water separation.

Disclosed herein is a novel class of multiple charged cationic or anionic compounds that are derived from an aza-Michael Addition reaction between a polyamine (Michael donor) and an activated olefin (Michael acceptor), methods of making the same, and use thereof. Also disclosed herein are the methods of using multiple charged cationic or anionic compounds disclosed herein in a reverse emulsion breaker composition to break reverse emulsion commonly found in a produced fluid in oil and gas operations. The disclosed REB methods or compositions are found to be more effective than those methods or compositions including commonly used for oil/solid and water separation.

The invention relates to the chemical synthesis of pharmaceutical API, and specifically to a method of synthesizing diclofenac sodium, which is a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for relieving pain. The method includes: nitrating phenylacetate to prepare o-nitrophenylacetate (2); hydrogenating o-nitrophenylacetate (2) to prepare o-aminophenylacetate (3); amidating an amino group of o-aminophenylacetate (3) to obtain 2-(2-benzoylaminophenyl) acetate (4); 2-(2-benzoylaminophenyl) acetate (4) reacting with thionyl chloride to prepare a chloroimine intermediate, and then condensing the intermediate of chloroimine with 2,6-dichlorophenol using an inorganic base to prepare (E)-methyl-2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenoxy)(phenyl)methyleneamino) phenyl ester (5); subjecting (E)-methyl-2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenoxy)(phenyl)methyleneamino) phenyl ester (5) to Chapman rearrangement to afford methyl 2-(2-(N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)benzoylamino)phenyl) ester (6); and hydrolyzing methyl 2-(2-(N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)benzoylamino)phenyl) ester (6) to provide the target compound as of diclofenac sodium API. The overall yield is up to 67% based on methyl phenylacetate.

The invention relates to the chemical synthesis of pharmaceutical API, and specifically to a method of synthesizing diclofenac sodium, which is a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for relieving pain. The method includes: nitrating phenylacetate to prepare o-nitrophenylacetate (2); hydrogenating o-nitrophenylacetate (2) to prepare o-aminophenylacetate (3); amidating an amino group of o-aminophenylacetate (3) to obtain 2-(2-benzoylaminophenyl) acetate (4); 2-(2-benzoylaminophenyl) acetate (4) reacting with thionyl chloride to prepare a chloroimine intermediate, and then condensing the intermediate of chloroimine with 2,6-dichlorophenol using an inorganic base to prepare (E)-methyl-2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenoxy)(phenyl)methyleneamino) phenyl ester (5); subjecting (E)-methyl-2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenoxy)(phenyl)methyleneamino) phenyl ester (5) to Chapman rearrangement to afford methyl 2-(2-(N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)benzoylamino)phenyl) ester (6); and hydrolyzing methyl 2-(2-(N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)benzoylamino)phenyl) ester (6) to provide the target compound as of diclofenac sodium API. The overall yield is up to 67% based on methyl phenylacetate.

[Problems to be solved] The present invention provides a novel diamine compound which allows for the synthesis of a polyimide compound having a high solubility in an organic solvent and a high melt moldability.

[Solution] The diamine compound according to the present invention is characterized by being represented by the following general formula (1):

##STR00001##

(wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group; and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group).

[Problems to be solved] The present invention provides a novel diamine compound which allows for the synthesis of a polyimide compound having a high solubility in an organic solvent and a high melt moldability.

[Solution] The diamine compound according to the present invention is characterized by being represented by the following general formula (1):

##STR00001##

(wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group; and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group).

The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of a nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst and to the novel nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalysts obtainable by this process. In particular, the invention relates to a novel nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst comprising metal particles and at least one nitrogen containing carbon layer. The invention also relates to the use of a nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst in a hydrogenation process, preferably in a process for hydrogenation of nitroarenes, nitriles or imines; in a reductive dehalogenation process of CX bonds, wherein X is Cl, Br or I, preferably in a process for dehalogenation of organohalides or in a process for deuterium labelling of arenes via dehalogenation of organohalides; or in an oxidation process. Further, the invention relates to a metal complex with the nitrogen containing biopolymer, wherein the metal is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of manganese, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium and platinum, and wherein the nitrogen containing biopolymer is selected from chitosan, chitin and a polyamino acid.

The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of a nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst and to the novel nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalysts obtainable by this process. In particular, the invention relates to a novel nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst comprising metal particles and at least one nitrogen containing carbon layer. The invention also relates to the use of a nitrogen containing biopolymer-based catalyst in a hydrogenation process, preferably in a process for hydrogenation of nitroarenes, nitriles or imines; in a reductive dehalogenation process of CX bonds, wherein X is Cl, Br or I, preferably in a process for dehalogenation of organohalides or in a process for deuterium labelling of arenes via dehalogenation of organohalides; or in an oxidation process. Further, the invention relates to a metal complex with the nitrogen containing biopolymer, wherein the metal is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of manganese, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium and platinum, and wherein the nitrogen containing biopolymer is selected from chitosan, chitin and a polyamino acid.

The disclosure provides a process for the preparation of 3-(4-aminophenyl)-2-methoxypropionic acid, and analogs and intermediates thereof, contemplated to be capable of modulating the activity of receptors, e.g., PPARs receptors.