Disclosed is an organic amine salt foaming agent, that is, a composite polyurethane foaming agent, comprising: 1) hexafluorobutene; and 2) an alkanolamine salt mixture (MAA), the alkanolamine salt mixture (MAA) contains an organic amine salt compound having the following general formula (I): A.sup.n[B.sup.m+].sub.p (I); wherein A.sup.n is one or two or three selected from the following anions: (b) carbonate: CO.sub.3.sup.2; (c) formate: HCOO.sup.; (d) bicarbonate: HOCOO.sup.. A polyurethane foaming method using carbon dioxide and an organic amine in combination is also disclosed, in which carbon dioxide is added to a polyurethane composition for foaming. A method for preparing an alkanolamine carbonate salt with low water content from ammonium carbonate and an epoxide is additionally disclosed, in which a liquid alkanolamine salt mixture is used as a dispersion medium or as a solvent for reaction raw material.

The present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a hydrazine derivative by reaction of the corresponding oxirane with hydrazine, that uses as only solvent toluene. The process provides excellent yields and purities and allows to proceed without purification in a one-pot scheme. Toluene additionally reduces the excess of hydrazine needed to complete the reaction, significantly reducing the waste treatment costs and even allows the hydrazine to be recycled into the reaction.

The present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a hydrazine derivative by reaction of the corresponding oxirane with hydrazine, that uses as only solvent toluene. The process provides excellent yields and purities and allows to proceed without purification in a one-pot scheme. Toluene additionally reduces the excess of hydrazine needed to complete the reaction, significantly reducing the waste treatment costs and even allows the hydrazine to be recycled into the reaction.

The present disclosure provides crystalline polymorphic and amorphous forms of (R)-3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid N-(1-tert-butyl-butyl)-N-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide (Compound 1) or (S)-3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid N-(1-tert-butyl-butyl)-N-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide (Compound 2). The present disclosure further provides compositions comprising crystalline polymorphic and amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2 and an excipient, methods of making crystalline polymorphic or amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2, and methods of using crystalline polymorphic or amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2 to regulate gene expression in a cell or in a subject.

The present disclosure provides crystalline polymorphic and amorphous forms of (R)-3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid N-(1-tert-butyl-butyl)-N-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide (Compound 1) or (S)-3,5-dimethyl-benzoic acid N-(1-tert-butyl-butyl)-N-(2-ethyl-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-hydrazide (Compound 2). The present disclosure further provides compositions comprising crystalline polymorphic and amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2 and an excipient, methods of making crystalline polymorphic or amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2, and methods of using crystalline polymorphic or amorphous forms of Compound 1 or Compound 2 to regulate gene expression in a cell or in a subject.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup. is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup. is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

The present invention concerns the synthesis of the salts of a Triazolium N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalyst in various salt forms prepared from 2-methylaniline, 2-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride or 2-methylphenylhydrazine. The molecules so prepared are useful in catalysis of carbene reactions and are advantageous due to their lack of chlorinated or fluorinated intermediates and lack of chlorine or fluorine in the final structure.

The present invention concerns the synthesis of the salts of a Triazolium N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalyst in various salt forms prepared from 2-methylaniline, 2-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride or 2-methylphenylhydrazine. The molecules so prepared are useful in catalysis of carbene reactions and are advantageous due to their lack of chlorinated or fluorinated intermediates and lack of chlorine or fluorine in the final structure.

The present invention concerns the synthesis of the salts of a Triazolium N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalyst in various salt forms prepared from 2-methylaniline, 2-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride or 2-methylphenylhydrazine. The molecules so prepared are useful in catalysis of carbene reactions and are advantageous due to their lack of chlorinated or fluorinated intermediates and lack of chlorine or fluorine in the final structure.