Described is a salt of the general formula: Mg.sup.2+(L.sub.x).sub.6(PF.sub.6).sub.2 wherein each L is a ligand selected from dichloromethane, a cyclic ether, or a nitrile of the general formula R—C≡N. The method of making the salt comprises the steps: providing Mg metal, activating the Mg metal in a first dry solution comprising a first ligand solution (L.sub.1), treating the dry solution of activated Mg metal and L.sub.1 with NOPF.sub.6 in a second dry solution comprising a second ligand solution (L.sub.2), heating the treated Mg metal solution removing residual solvent under vacuum, and recrystallizing the remaining solid to form the salt wherein L.sub.x comprises a mixture of L.sub.1 and L.sub.2. The salt can be used as the salt in an electrolyte, or as an additive to an electrolyte, in a cell or battery.

The present invention includes methods/processes and intermediates for preparing compounds having structural Formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein X is alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or substituted heteroalkenyl.

The present invention includes methods/processes and intermediates for preparing compounds having structural Formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein X is alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or substituted heteroalkenyl.

The present invention relates to a method of producing an acrylonitrile dimer, the method including: feeding an acrylonitrile monomer, a nonpolar solvent, an alcohol solvent, and a phosphorus-based catalyst to a dimerization reactor to perform a dimerization reaction and reaction product to a distillation column; feeding the acrylonitrile monomer, the nonpolar solvent, and the alcohol solvent from the distillation column to the dimerization reactor; feeding an acrylonitrile dimer and the phosphorus-based catalyst from the distillation column to an extraction device; oxidizing the phosphorus-based catalyst by feeding water including an acid component to the extraction device to inactivate the phosphorus-based catalyst; and separating the inactivated phosphorus-based catalyst and the acrylonitrile dimer.

The present invention relates to a method of producing an acrylonitrile dimer, the method including: feeding an acrylonitrile monomer, a nonpolar solvent, an alcohol solvent, and a phosphorus-based catalyst to a dimerization reactor to perform a dimerization reaction and reaction product to a distillation column; feeding the acrylonitrile monomer, the nonpolar solvent, and the alcohol solvent from the distillation column to the dimerization reactor; feeding an acrylonitrile dimer and the phosphorus-based catalyst from the distillation column to an extraction device; oxidizing the phosphorus-based catalyst by feeding water including an acid component to the extraction device to inactivate the phosphorus-based catalyst; and separating the inactivated phosphorus-based catalyst and the acrylonitrile dimer.

The present invention relates to a method of producing an acrylonitrile dimer, the method including: feeding an acrylonitrile monomer, a nonpolar solvent, an alcohol solvent, and a phosphorus-based catalyst to a dimerization reactor to perform a dimerization reaction and reaction product to a distillation column; feeding the acrylonitrile monomer, the nonpolar solvent, and the alcohol solvent from the distillation column to the dimerization reactor; feeding an acrylonitrile dimer and the phosphorus-based catalyst from the distillation column to an extraction device; oxidizing the phosphorus-based catalyst by feeding water including an acid component to the extraction device to inactivate the phosphorus-based catalyst; and separating the inactivated phosphorus-based catalyst and the acrylonitrile dimer.

Inter alia, the first titania-catalyzed [.sup.18F]-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium is provided. In embodiments, the method utilizes titanium dioxide, 1:1 acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate as a base. Radiolabeling may be directly performed with aqueous [.sup.18F]fluoride without the need for drying/azeotroping step, which reduces radiosynthesis time while keeping high fluoride conversion. The general applicability of the synthetic strategy to the synthesis of the wide range of PET probes from tosylated precursors is demonstrated.

Inter alia, the first titania-catalyzed [.sup.18F]-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium is provided. In embodiments, the method utilizes titanium dioxide, 1:1 acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate as a base. Radiolabeling may be directly performed with aqueous [.sup.18F]fluoride without the need for drying/azeotroping step, which reduces radiosynthesis time while keeping high fluoride conversion. The general applicability of the synthetic strategy to the synthesis of the wide range of PET probes from tosylated precursors is demonstrated.

Inter alia, the first titania-catalyzed [.sup.18F]-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium is provided. In embodiments, the method utilizes titanium dioxide, 1:1 acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate as a base. Radiolabeling may be directly performed with aqueous [.sup.18F]fluoride without the need for drying/azeotroping step, which reduces radiosynthesis time while keeping high fluoride conversion. The general applicability of the synthetic strategy to the synthesis of the wide range of PET probes from tosylated precursors is demonstrated.

The present invention discloses a process for preparing a functionalized choline chloride ionic liquid as defined in formula (I), and thereof use in an electrochemical energy storage device, as an electrolyte solution or an additive for a lithium ion battery and a supercapacitor. The ionic liquid electrolyte material has better biocompatibility, flame retardance, high ionic conductivity, low viscosity, and wide electrochemical window. ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of: (CH.sub.2═CH—(CH.sub.2).sub.n)—, CN(CH.sub.2).sub.n—, or R.sup.2.sub.3Si—; R.sup.2 is selected from CH.sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—, n is an integer selected from 1 to 3, m is an integer selected from 0 to 2; or one of R.sup.2 is (CH.sub.3).sub.3Si—O—. Anion A in Formula I is selected from the group consisting of: Cl.sup.−, Br.sup.−, I.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, NO.sub.3.sup.−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, CF.sub.3COO.sup.−, CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.−, PF.sub.6.sup.−, BF.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4.sup.−, or B(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2.sup.−.