A composition can photocatalytically reduce carbon dioxide.

A method is disclosed for stripping in a stripper a urea synthesis solution received from a urea forming process wherein ammonia and CO2 are reacted under urea forming conditions. The shell space of the stripper comprises a continuous vertical zone.

The present invention provides a process of producing a trifluoromcthoxylated aryl or trifluoromothoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00001##
wherein
A is an aryl or heteroaryl, each with or without substitution; and
R.sub.1 is —H, -(alkyl), -(alkenyl), -(alkynyl), -(aryl), -(heteroaryl), -(alkylaryl), -(alkylheteroaryl), —NH-(alkyl), —N(alkyl).sub.2, —NH-(alkenyl), —NH-(alkynyl) —NH-(aryl), —NH-(heteroaryl), —O-(alkyl), —O-(alkenyl), —O-(alkynyl), —O-(aryl), —O-(heteroaryl), —S-(alkyl), —S-(alkenyl), —S-(alkynyl), —S-(aryl), or —S-(heteroaryl), comprising:
(a) reacting a compound having the structure: ##STR00002##
with a trifluoromethylating agent in the presence of a base in a first suitable solvent under conditions to produce a compound having the structure: ##STR00003##
and
(b) maintaining the compound produced in step (a) in a second suitable solvent under conditions sufficient to produce the trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluormethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00004##

The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.

The composition comprises a compound (A) represented by general formula (1) and a compound (B) represented by general formula (2), and comprises 0.00002 to 2.0 parts by mass of the compound (B) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the compound (A),

(R.sub.1—COO).sub.n—R.sub.2—(NCO).sub.m   (1)

g(R.sub.1—COO).sub.n—R.sub.2—NHC(═O)NH—R.sub.2—(OCO—R.sub.1).sub.m   (2)

wherein in general formulae (1) and (2), R.sub.1 is an ethylenically unsaturated group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is a (m+n)-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and optionally contain an ether group; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the general formula (1) are the same as R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the general formula (2); and n and m each represent an integer of one or two.

The composition comprises a compound (A) represented by general formula (1) and a compound (B) represented by general formula (2), and comprises 0.00002 to 2.0 parts by mass of the compound (B) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the compound (A),

(R.sub.1—COO).sub.n—R.sub.2—(NCO).sub.m   (1)

g(R.sub.1—COO).sub.n—R.sub.2—NHC(═O)NH—R.sub.2—(OCO—R.sub.1).sub.m   (2)

wherein in general formulae (1) and (2), R.sub.1 is an ethylenically unsaturated group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is a (m+n)-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and optionally contain an ether group; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the general formula (1) are the same as R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in the general formula (2); and n and m each represent an integer of one or two.

The present invention relates to the synthesis of N-trifluoromethylcarbonyl compounds starting from isothiocyanates, which can be converted into N-trifluoromethylcarbamoyl fluorides or similar compounds, which later on can be derivatized further to amides, ureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates and selenocarbamates.

Organic isocyanates are converted to ureas by heating in the presence of certain cobalt, magnesium, chromium and lanthanide series organometallic catalysts. The process requires no water or other reactants. The process is particularly useful for removing small quantities of monoisocyanates from a solvent stream recovered from a polyisocyanate manufacturing process. The urea compounds in some instances can be recycled back into the polyisocyanate manufacturing process and reacted with polyisocyanate compounds to form biurets.

Aspects generally relate to a temperature responsive polymer, more specifically to a polymer exhibiting an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in an aqueous solution. In one aspect, a monomer compound includes one or more amide or thioamide groups; one or more ureido or thioureido groups; and one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. In one aspect, a polymer, such as a homopolymer or a copolymer, is produced by polymerization of the monomer compound. The copolymer is produced by polymerization of the monomer compound and a comonomer, such as a hydrophobic comonomer, a hydrophilic comonomer, a pH responsive comonomer, a light responsive comonomer, and combinations thereof. The polymer exhibits a UCST from about 1° C. to about 100° C. in an aqueous solution at 1 atm.

The present invention provides a method for producing an amino acid aminoalkyl ester or an inorganic acid salt thereof by reacting a compound represented by general formula (I) shown below or a compound represented by general formula (III) shown below, or a salt thereof, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by general formula (IV-I) shown below, compounds represented by general formula (IV-II) shown below, compounds represented by general formula (IV-III) shown below and compounds represented by general formula (IV-IV) shown below, or an inorganic acid salt thereof. ##STR00001##