Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea production, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea production, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea production, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid—DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea prodution, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid—DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea prodution, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

Disclosed is a method for the integrated production of two different urea products. One is an aqueous urea solution suitable for use in NOx abatement (generally indicated as Diesel Exhaust Fluid—DEF). The other is a solution used as a fertilizer, viz. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The production of DEF and UAN are integrated as follows: ammonia recovered from the production of urea is used as a feed to the production of ammonium nitrate. At least part of an aqueous urea stream from urea prodution, is mixed with ammonium nitrate so as to obtain UAN.

There is provided a process and an apparatus for urea production in which preheating of raw material ammonia or heating in a medium-pressure decomposition step can be performed at a relatively low pressure while preventing decrease in an overall heat transfer coefficient. A process for urea production includes: a synthesis step of generating a urea synthesis solution; a high-pressure decomposition step of heating the urea synthesis solution to separate a gaseous mixture containing ammonia and carbon dioxide from the urea synthesis solution; a condensation step of condensing the gaseous mixture; a medium-low-pressure steam generation step of reducing a pressure of medium-pressure steam condensate obtained in the high-pressure decomposition step to a medium-low pressure to generate medium-low-pressure steam and medium-low-pressure steam condensate; and one or both of a medium-pressure decomposition step and an ammonia preheating step. In the medium-pressure decomposition step, the urea synthesis solution that has been processed in the high-pressure decomposition step is heated at a pressure lower than a pressure in the high-pressure decomposition step by using the medium-low-pressure steam as a heat source. In the ammonia preheating step, the ammonia to be supplied to the synthesis step is heated by using the medium-low-pressure steam as a heat source.

Compositions and methods are presented that selectively dissolve calcium from a variety of cementitious materials without dissolving or otherwise degrading calcium silica hydrate (CSH). Preferably, contemplated compositions comprise guanidine bisulfate hydrochloride, which can be prepared from a reaction of urea, hydrochloric acid, and sulfamic acid. Therefore, it is especially contemplated that the compositions contemplated herein are particularly suitable to clean or otherwise condition surfaces of cured concrete, Portland cement-based material, or an aggregate containing CSH.

Compositions and methods are presented that selectively dissolve calcium from a variety of cementitious materials without dissolving or otherwise degrading calcium silica hydrate (CSH). Preferably, contemplated compositions comprise guanidine bisulfate hydrochloride, which can be prepared from a reaction of urea, hydrochloric acid, and sulfamic acid. Therefore, it is especially contemplated that the compositions contemplated herein are particularly suitable to clean or otherwise condition surfaces of cured concrete, Portland cement-based material, or an aggregate containing CSH.

A nonaqueous electrolyte of the present invention includes an ionic liquid including a first alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation having one or more substituents, a second alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation having an alicyclic skeleton that is the same as an alicyclic skeleton of the first alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation, and a counter anion to the first alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation and the second alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation and an alkali metal salt. In the second alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation, one of substituents bonded to a nitrogen atom in the alicyclic skeleton is a substituent including a halogen element. In the ionic liquid, the amount of a salt including the second alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation is less than or equal to 1 wt % per unit weight of the ionic liquid, or is less than or equal to 0.8 wt % per unit weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte.