The disclosure provides, inter alia, alpha-5 beta-1 inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions comprising alpha-5 beta-1 inhibitors, methods for treating diseases using alpha-5 beta-1 inhibitors, and processes for making alpha-5 beta-1 inhibitors.

The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Nanoparticle compositions include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Nanoparticle compositions further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

A process to extract carbon from hydrophobic waste comprises: combining the hydrophobic waste with an oxide of an active metal to form a storable, moisture-resistant feedstock for high-temperature processing; heating the feedstock in a furnace to yield an effluent gas entraining a carbide of the active metal; cooling the effluent gas entraining the carbide of the active metal; introducing nitrogen into the cooled effluent gas entraining the carbide of the active metal, to yield a cyanamide of the active metal and elemental carbon; and acidically hydrolyzing the cyanamide of the active metal to yield a cyanamide compound and a salt of the active metal.

A process to extract carbon from hydrophobic waste comprises: combining the hydrophobic waste with an oxide of an active metal to form a storable, moisture-resistant feedstock for high-temperature processing; heating the feedstock in a furnace to yield an effluent gas entraining a carbide of the active metal; cooling the effluent gas entraining the carbide of the active metal; introducing nitrogen into the cooled effluent gas entraining the carbide of the active metal, to yield a cyanamide of the active metal and elemental carbon; and acidically hydrolyzing the cyanamide of the active metal to yield a cyanamide compound and a salt of the active metal.

A hydrogen sulfide donor in an organic salt form and a preparation method thereof. The hydrogen sulfide donor exists as a salt formed by organic compounds with an alkaline motif and hydrogen sulfide with weak acidity. The hydrogen sulfide donor features with a simple structure, and an easy preparation method. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide donors in different forms can be prepared according to research and development needs. After the hydrogen sulfide donor enters an organism, the process of in vivo dissociation and hydrogen sulfide supply is simple, rapid, and effective, and there is no requirement for enzyme or any other complicated condition, and thus, the hydrogen sulfide donor has a great application prospect and value.

A hydrogen sulfide donor in an organic salt form and a preparation method thereof. The hydrogen sulfide donor exists as a salt formed by organic compounds with an alkaline motif and hydrogen sulfide with weak acidity. The hydrogen sulfide donor features with a simple structure, and an easy preparation method. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide donors in different forms can be prepared according to research and development needs. After the hydrogen sulfide donor enters an organism, the process of in vivo dissociation and hydrogen sulfide supply is simple, rapid, and effective, and there is no requirement for enzyme or any other complicated condition, and thus, the hydrogen sulfide donor has a great application prospect and value.

Solvents useful with thiophosphoric triamide urease inhibitors, that provide stable solution of a thiophosphoric triamide, such as for distribution (in low or high concentrations) onto a fertilizer or other liquid or solid material that contains urea.

Solvents useful with thiophosphoric triamide urease inhibitors, that provide stable solution of a thiophosphoric triamide, such as for distribution (in low or high concentrations) onto a fertilizer or other liquid or solid material that contains urea.

The invention provides a composition containing hyaluronic acid (HA) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof preserved with a cationic preservative and related methods. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is sodium hyaluronate. In another embodiment, the cationic preservative includes benzalkonium chloride (BAK).

The invention provides a composition containing hyaluronic acid (HA) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof preserved with a cationic preservative and related methods. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is sodium hyaluronate. In another embodiment, the cationic preservative includes benzalkonium chloride (BAK).