There is disclosed a cyclic process for producing taurine from monoethanolamine comprising the steps of: (a) reacting monoethanolamine with ammonium sulfate in the recycling mother liquor to yield monoethanolamine sulfate; (b) reacting the monoethanolamine sulfate with sulfuric acid to form 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester; (c) subjecting the 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester to a sulfonation reaction with ammonium sulfite to yield taurine and ammonium sulfate; (d) separating the taurine and the ammonium sulfate by means of solid-liquid separation; (e) removing the excess ammonium sulfite from the mother liquor to obtain an aqueous solution comprised of ammonium sulfate and (f) returning the aqueous solution to step (a) to complete the cyclic process.

Improved methods and intermediates thereof for preparing carbamoyloxy methyl triazole cyclohexyl acid compounds are described. These compounds are useful as LPA antagonists. Formula (I).

##STR00001##

Improved methods and intermediates thereof for preparing carbamoyloxy methyl triazole cyclohexyl acid compounds are described. These compounds are useful as LPA antagonists. Formula (I).

##STR00001##

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A method includes combining first components including at least one of CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl or CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, a polyfluorinated compound having at least one ketone or carboxylic acid halide, and fluoride ion to provide a compound comprising at least one perfluorinated allyl ether group. A method includes combining second components including B(OSO.sub.2Cl).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl. Another method includes combining second components including M(OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3 and hexafluoropropylene at a temperature above 0° C. to provide CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3, wherein M is Al or B. The compound CF.sub.2═CF—CF.sub.2—OSO.sub.2Cl is also provided.

A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula:

R.sup.1C(O)R.sup.2C(O)R.sup.3-A

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined herein, and A is COOX or SO.sub.3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.4.sub.4, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R.sup.4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.