The present invention relates to chemical compounds of formula (I), with the substituents as described in the specification, useful in the positive modulation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7 nAChR). The invention also relates to the use of these compounds in the treatment or prevention of a broad range of diseases in which the positive modulation of 7 nAChR is advantageous, including neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and also neuropathic pain and inflammatory diseases. ##STR00001##

The invention provides compounds and monomers having a carbonate linkage. The monomers can be used to form homopolymers or can be coupled with other monomers to provide a wide variety of non-homopolymers. The invention further provides a wide variety of compositions comprising the compounds, monomers, and polymers. In the exemplary structures below, Q, A, R, and n are as described herein.

##STR00001##

Anionic surfactants have a formula:
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH; or
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.xH, where x is an integer from 2-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Neutral surfactants having a formula:
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH].sub.2;(a)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.nH], where n is an integer from 1-6;(b)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(R)[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.pH], where p is an integer from 2-6, and R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or(c)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.mH], where q is an integer from 1-6 and m is an integer from 3-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.(d)

Anionic surfactants have a formula:
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH; or
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.xH, where x is an integer from 2-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Neutral surfactants having a formula:
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH].sub.2;(a)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.nH], where n is an integer from 1-6;(b)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(R)[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.pH], where p is an integer from 2-6, and R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or(c)
R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.mH], where q is an integer from 1-6 and m is an integer from 3-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.(d)

The present invention relates to chemical compounds of formula (I), with the substituents as described in the specification, useful in the positive modulation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7 nAChR). The invention also relates to the use of these compounds in the treatment or prevention of a broad range of diseases in which the positive modulation of 7 nAChR is advantageous, including neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and also neuropathic pain and inflammatory diseases.

##STR00001##

The disclosure is directed to: (a) phosphacycle ligands; (b) catalyst compositions comprising phosphacycle ligands; and (c) methods of using such phosphacycle ligands and catalyst compositions in bond forming reactions.

The disclosure is directed to: (a) phosphacycle ligands; (b) catalyst compositions comprising phosphacycle ligands; and (c) methods of using such phosphacycle ligands and catalyst compositions in bond forming reactions.

The invention provides compounds and monomers having a carbonate linkage. The monomers can be used to form homopolymers or can be coupled with other monomers to provide a wide variety of non-homopolymers. The invention further provides a wide variety of compositions comprising the compounds, monomers, and polymers. In the exemplary structures below, Q, A, R, and n are as described herein. ##STR00001##

Anionic surfactants have a formula:

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH; or

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(H)(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.xH, where x is an integer from 2-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Neutral surfactants having a formula:

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH].sub.2;(a)

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)OH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.nH], where n is an integer from 1-6;(b)

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N(R)[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.pH], where p is an integer from 2-6, and R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or(c)

R.sub.fSO.sub.2N[(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qH][(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.mH], where q is an integer from 1-6 and m is an integer from 3-6. R.sub.f is a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.(d)

A method for preparing a benzylamine derivative through amination of a benzylic CH bond under visible light-induced nickel catalysis is provided. The method includes: weighing and adding an amination reagent, a ruthenium or iridium photosensitizer, a nickel catalyst, a Lewis acid, and a ligand according to a molar ratio to a reaction vessel; under an inert gas atmosphere, adding a solvent, stirring, adding a benzyl-containing alkylate, and irradiating with a visible light source to allow a full reaction; and conducting separation and purification to obtain the benzylamine derivative. The method involves cheap and easily-available raw materials, and has relatively-extensive substrate applicability. In addition, the method has advantages such as mild reaction conditions, a high yield of a target product, small pollution, and a simple reaction operation and post-treatment, and thus is suitable for industrial production.