Simple and economical conversion of aqueous ethanol feed streams into butenes by a single step method using transition metal oxides on a silica supports under preselected processing conditions. By directly producing a C4-rich olefin mixture from an ethanol containing stream various advantages are presented including, but not limited to, significant cost reduction in capital expenses and operational expenses.

A method and catalyst for forming higher carbon number products from carbon dioxide is provided. An exemplary catalyst includes red mud including iron and aluminum, and impregnated potassium.

Processes for upgrading a hydrocarbon. The process can include contacting a hydrocarbon-containing feed with fluidized catalyst particles that can include a Group 8-10 element or a compound thereof disposed on a support to effect one or more of dehydrogenation, dehydroaromatization, and dehydrocyclization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbon-containing feed to produce a coked catalyst and an effluent. The process can also include contacting at least a portion of the coked catalyst particles with an oxidant to effect combustion of at least a portion of the coke to produce regenerated catalyst particles. The process can also include contacting an additional quantity of the hydrocarbon-containing feed with at least a portion of the regenerated catalyst particles to produce additional effluent and re-coked catalyst particles.

The present disclosure generally relates to a process for converting a hydrocarbon feed including introducing a hydrocarbon feed comprising a C.sub.1+ alkane to a catalyst composition in a reactor, the catalyst composition comprising a Group 6-Group 15 metal supported on a support; and irradiating the hydrocarbon feed and the catalyst composition with electromagnetic energy in the reactor at reactor conditions to produce a product comprising a C.sub.2+ alkane, wherein the C.sub.2+ alkane of the product is heavier than the C.sub.1+ alkane in the hydrocarbon feed.

Metal oxide catalysts comprising various dopants are provided. The catalysts are useful as heterogeneous catalysts in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

A method is useful for the continuous production of ketones from a compound with at least one epoxide group in at least one fixed bed reactor. A catalyst composition is used with at least one noble metal and at least one metal oxide. To reduce the proportions of high-boilers which form in the reaction, an inert gas is introduced so that a carbon monoxide partial pressure of 50 mbar or less is set in the reactor.

A process for the treatment of a light naphtha feedstock that comprises normal paraffins and iso-paraffins may include separating the feedstock into a first iso-paraffin stream and a normal paraffin stream. The separating may be performed with 5A molecular sieves, a pressure of about 1-3 bars, and a temperature of 100-260° C. A product stream may be provided by subjecting the normal paraffin stream to at least one of steam cracking, isomerizing, and aromatizing.

Systems and processes herein improve the conversion of propylene to ethylene via metathesis. On a mass basis, embodiments herein may be used to convert greater than 40% propylene, on a mass basis, to ethylene, such as 43% to 75%, on a mass basis. In one aspect, processes for the conversion of propylene to ethylene herein may include introducing a propylene feed stream to a metathesis reactor, and contacting the propylene with a metathesis catalyst in the metathesis reactor to convert the propylene to ethylene and 2-butene. An effluent from the metathesis reactor may be recovered, the effluent including ethylene, 2-butene, and unconverted propylene. The effluent may then be separated in a fractionation system to recover an ethylene fraction, a propylene fraction, a c4 fraction, and a C5+ fraction. The propylene fraction and the C4 fraction may then be fed to the metathesis reactor to produce additional ethylene.

Processes and systems for the conversion of propylene to ethylene may include introducing a propylene feed stream to a C3 metathesis reactor, converting the propylene to ethylene and 2-butene. The metathesis reactor effluent may be recovered and separated in a fractionation system to recover an ethylene product, a C3 fraction, a C4 fraction, and a C5+ fraction. All or a portion of the C3 fraction may be fed to the C3 metathesis reactor to produce additional ethylene. The C4 fraction may be converted in a C4 isomerization/metathesis reaction zone by: (i) isomerization of 2-butenes to 1-butene, (ii) metathesis of the 1-butene and 2-butene to produce propylene and 2-pentene, and/or (iii) autometathesis of the 1-butene to produce ethylene and 3-hexene. An effluent from the C4 isomerization/metathesis reaction zone may then be recovered and fed from the C4 isomerization/metathesis reaction zone to the fractionation system.

Catalysts, catalytic forms and formulations, and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts and catalytic forms and formulations are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.