Oligomer products are produced by reacting an alpha olefin and a vinylidene compound in the presence of a solid catalyst, such as a solid oxide or a chemically-treated solid oxide. Metallocene compounds, organoaluminum compounds, and BF.sub.3 are not needed to perform the reaction. Oligomer products formed by processes disclosed herein have a trimer:tetramer weight ratio of at least 2:1.

Provided is a method for converting waste plastic pyrolysis oil into light olefins with a high yield. The method includes (1) putting waste plastic pyrolysis oil into a reactor; (2) allowing the waste plastic pyrolysis oil to react in the reactor in the presence of a catalytic cracking catalyst containing (a) a compound of an alkali metal or a compound of an alkaline earth metal and (b) a zeolite to form a product; and (3) recovering light olefins by separating the catalytic cracking catalyst and oil from the product obtained in step (2).

Methods of producing at least one of ethylene and propylene. The methods may include contacting a mixture of C4+ compounds with a catalyst to convert at least a portion of the C4+ compounds to at least one of ethylene and propylene. The catalyst can include a phosphorus treated zeolite, and the mixture of C4+ compounds can include at least one of t-butyl alcohol and methyl t-butyl ether.

Methods of producing propylene and/or ethylene. The methods can include contacting a mixture of C4+ compounds with a catalyst, such as a fixed bed catalyst, that includes a phosphorus treated zeolite. The mixture of C4+ compounds can include a plurality of C4 olefins, a plurality of C5 olefins, and/or a plurality of C6+ olefins.

A process for producing ethylene from an ethanol feedstock comprises a step of subjecting the ethanol feedstock to a dehydration reaction in the presence of a supported heteropolyacid salt catalyst. The supported heteropolyacid salt catalyst includes a support and a heteropolyacid salt compound which is carried on the support and which is represented by a formula as defined herein.

Oligomer products are produced by reacting an alpha olefin and a vinylidene compound in the presence of a solid catalyst, such as a solid oxide or a chemically-treated solid oxide. Metallocene compounds, organoaluminum compounds, and BF.sub.3 are not needed to perform the reaction. Oligomer products formed by processes disclosed herein have a trimer:tetramer weight ratio of at least 2:1.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a butadiene pathway. The invention additionally provides methods of using such organisms to produce butadiene.

Apparatuses and processes for converting an oxygenate feedstock, such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether, in a fluidized bed containing a catalyst to hydrocarbons, such as gasoline boiling components, olefins and aromatics are provided herein.

Described here are various processes for producing linear alpha olefins using a heterogeneous catalytic composition in the reaction mixture. These processes include size-based or phase-based separation of the heterogeneous catalytic compositions from the product stream and recycling the catalysts to the reaction mixture. Various other embodiments may be disclosed and claimed.

The present invention relates to a stabilized rhenium-based heterogeneous catalyst, obtainable by a process comprising contacting a rhenium-based heterogeneous catalyst with a stabilizing agent at a temperature in a range from 0-100 C., the stabilizing agent comprising an aliphatic hydrocarbon compound and use thereof.