The invention discloses a binder-free high strength and low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: (a) 60-85% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; (b) 3-25% K.sub.2O; (c) 0.1-5% MoO.sub.3; (d) 3-20% CeO.sub.2; (e) 0.1-5% CaO; (f) 0.1-5% Na.sub.2O; (g) 0.1-5% MnO.sub.2, wherein the weight ratio of sodium oxide to manganese dioxide is 0.1-10, and no binder is added during the preparation of the catalyst. The low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst provided by the present invention contains no binder and maintains high strength, and has high activity and stability at low steam-to-oil ratio.

Catalysts, catalytic forms and formulations, and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts and catalytic forms and formulations are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Processes for dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon feedstock are described. The process can be run at lower H.sub.2/HC ratios and lower RITs while maintaining coke production at the same level as operation at higher H.sub.2/HC ratios and higher RITs without decreasing the yield per pass. Acceptable levels of coke were achieved when operating the process at low hydrogen to hydrocarbon molar ratio in the range of 0.01 to 0.40 and reactor inlet temperatures in the range of 500?-645? C.

Processes for dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon feedstock are described. The process can be run at lower H.sub.2/HC ratios and lower RITs while maintaining coke production at the same level as operation at higher H.sub.2/HC ratios and higher RITs without decreasing the yield per pass. Acceptable levels of coke were achieved when operating the process at low hydrogen to hydrocarbon molar ratio in the range of 0.01 to 0.40 and reactor inlet temperatures in the range of 500?-645? C. The process uses a low coke catalyst.

Large pill dehydrogenation catalysts and large screens slot width are combined in dehydrogenation units to reduce the pressure drop across the catalyst bed and reactor screens compared to conventional screen and catalyst size combinations. The catalyst has an average pill diameter in the range of 1.6 mm to 3.0 mm, and the slot width of the screen is in the range of about 30% to about 60% of the pill diameter.

Processes for regenerating an at least partially deactivated catalyst that can include a Group (10) element, an inorganic support, and a contaminant. The Group (10) element can have a concentration of from 0.001 wt % to 6 wt %, based on the weight of the inorganic support. The process can include (I) heating the deactivated catalyst using a heating gas mixture that includes H.sub.2O at a concentration >5 mol %, based on the total moles in the mixture to produce a precursor catalyst. The process can also include (II) providing an oxidative gas that includes ?5 mol % of H.sub.2O, based on the total moles in the oxidative gas, and (III) contacting the precursor catalyst at an oxidizing temperature with the oxidative gas for a duration of at least 30 seconds to produce an oxidized precursor catalyst. The process can also include (IV) obtaining a regenerated catalyst from the oxidized precursor catalyst.

Nanowires useful as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The nanowire catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

The invention discloses a binder-free high strength and low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: (a) 60-85% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; (b) 3-25% K.sub.2O; (c) 0.1-5% MoO.sub.3; (d) 3-20% CeO.sub.2; (e) 0.1-5% CaO; (f) 0.1-5% Na.sub.2O; (g) 0.1-5% MnO.sub.2, wherein the weight ratio of sodium oxide to manganese dioxide is 0.1-10; (h) 0.1-100 ppm of at least one element or oxide of Pb, Pt, Pd, Ag, Au, Sn; and no binder is added during the preparation of the catalyst. The low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst provided by the present invention contains no binder and maintains high strength, and has high activity and stability at low steam-to-oil ratio.

Heterogeneous catalysts with optional dopants are provided. The catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Perovskite compounds that catalyze hydrogenolysis (e.g., hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodenitrogenation, and/or hydrodesulfurization) of heteroatom-containing compounds, as well as associated systems and methods, are generally described. In some embodiments, methods are provided for contacting a perovskite compound with a heteroatom-containing compound (e.g., a compound comprising oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur) in the presence of hydrogen gas (H.sub.2) such that the perovskite compound catalyzes hydrogenolysis of the heteratom-containing compound to produce one or more hydrocarbon products (e.g., one or more aromatic hydrocarbons and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons). According to certain embodiments, the perovskite compound has the formula A.sub.1xB.sub.xDO.sub.3, where A comprises a lanthanide, B comprises an alkaline earth metal, D comprises a transition metal, and x is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. Compounds, systems, and methods described herein may be useful for applications involving petroleum (e.g., crude oil) and/or biofuels.