Pathways are disclosed for the production of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) products comprising propane and/or butane, and in certain cases renewable products having non-petroleum derived carbon. In particular, a gaseous feed mixture comprising CO.sub.2 in combination with CH.sub.4 and/or H.sub.2 is converted by reforming and/or reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reactions, further in combination with LPG synthesis. A preferred gaseous feed mixture comprises biogas or otherwise a mixture of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 that is not readily upgraded using conventional processes. Catalysts described herein have a high activity for reforming (including dry reforming) of CH.sub.4, as well as simultaneously catalyzing RWGS. These attributes improve the management of CO.sub.2 that is input to the disclosed processes, particularly in those utilizing recycle operation to increase overall CO.sub.2 conversion. Economics of small scale operations may be improved, if necessary, using an electrically heated reforming reactor in the first or initial reforming stage or RWGS stage.

A multilayer supported oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) catalyst composition (support, first single oxide layer, one or more mixed oxide layers, optional second single oxide layer) characterized by formula A.sub.aZ.sub.bE.sub.cD.sub.dO.sub.x/support; A is alkaline earth metal; Z is first rare earth element; E is second rare earth element; D is redox agent/third rare earth element; the first, second, third rare earth element are not the same; a=1.0; b=0.1-10.0; c=0.1-10.0; d=0-10.0; x balances oxidation states; first single oxide layer (Z.sub.b1O.sub.x1, b1=0.1-10.0; x1 balances oxidation states) contacts support and one or more mixed oxide layers; one or more mixed oxide layers (A.sub.a2Z.sub.b2E.sub.c2D.sub.d2O.sub.x2, a2=1.0; b2=0.1-10.0; c2=0.1-10.0; d2=0-10.0; x2 balances oxidation states; A.sub.aZ.sub.bE.sub.cD.sub.dO.sub.x and A.sub.a2Z.sub.b2E.sub.c2D.sub.d2O.sub.x2 are different) contacts first single oxide layer and optionally second single oxide layer, and second single oxide layer (AO), when present, contacts one or more mixed oxide layers and optionally first single oxide layer.

A plant leaves-derived carbon material doped with two metals and preparation and use thereof are provided, the carbon material prepared by carbonizing, in an inert atmosphere, plant leaves which have absorbed ions of two metals M1 and M2. The metal M1 is Co, Mn, or Fe. The metal M2 is Ni, Cu, or Zn. The carbon material can be used as an efficient, green, and safe catalyst for the selective oxidation of cycloalkanes to produce cycloalkanols and cycloalkanones, and enable an increased selectivity of the target products (thus less by-products), a low yield of cycloalkyl peroxides, reduced reaction temperature, low environmental impact, and safe production.

The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a mixture of hydrocarbons having an olefin content of between 5 and 50 wt. % and boiling for more than 90 vol. % between 35 and 280° C. or from a hydrocarbon feed comprising paraffins, naphthenics, aromatics and optionally up to 10 wt. % of olefins, by first contacting the feed with a low acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor, separating propylene and subsequently contacting the residue with a high acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor at a more elevated temperature, separating propylene and recycling the residue to first and second cracking reactors. Aromatics may be added to first and second cracking step to improve cycle length.

The present invention relates to a catalyst including: a porous carrier including at least one element X selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 13 and 14 of the periodic table; an oxide of at least one metal element A selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table; and at least one oxide of a metal element B selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Group 2 and Groups 7 to 12 of the periodic table, wherein at least a part of the oxide of the metal element A is bonded to the porous carrier.

Provided is a catalyst for an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction that comprises: a porous support; a core portion supported on the porous support and containing a first zinc ferrite-based catalyst; and a shell portion supported on the core portion and containing a second zinc ferrite-based catalyst, in which the first zinc ferrite-based catalyst and the second zinc ferrite-based catalyst are different from each other.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of butadiene by condensation of ethanol using a catalyst containing sillica-supported elements from group 3A and group 4B of the periodic table. The catalyst of the present invention has high activity and selectivity to butadiene in the synthesis reaction of said olefin from ethanol.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing unsaturated hydrocarbons by black body photocatalytic (thermal radiative catalytic) conversion of saturated hydrocarbons. In this method, a saturated hydrocarbon reaction gas is introduced into a reaction furnace, and the saturated hydrocarbon is catalyzed to convert under heating and illumination conditions to prepare the unsaturated hydrocarbons. The photocatalysis is combined to the conventional thermal catalysis to improve the catalytic performance, accelerate the reaction speed, increase the conversion rate, and/or improve the selectivity of the catalytic reaction.

A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

The invention is an integrated thermochemical process, also known as a looped-oxide catalysis, for providing an upgraded biofuel composition from a biomass-derived feedstock. First, the feedstock is deoxygenated through reaction with a low-valence metal oxide or zero-valent metal to yield a deoxygenated biofuel composition and a high-valence metal oxide. Second, the low-valence metal oxide is regenerated by reducing the high-valence metal oxide using solar thermal energy.