According to embodiments, a process for aromatizing hydrocarbons may include contacting the hydrocarbons with a zinc- or gallium-doped ZSM-5 catalyst having a mesopore volume of greater than 0.09 cm.sup.3/g. Contacting the hydrocarbons with the catalyst causes a least a portion of the hydrocarbons to undergo chemical reactions to form aromatic hydrocarbons.

A supported catalyst for preparing light olefin using direct conversion of syngas is a composite catalyst and formed by compounding component I and component II in a mechanical mixing mode. The active ingredient of component I is a metal oxide; and the component II is a supported zeolite. A carrier is one or more than one of hierarchical pores Al.sub.2O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, CeO.sub.2, MgO and Ga.sub.2O.sub.3; the zeolite is one or more than one of CHA and AEI structures; and the load of the zeolite is 4%-45% wt. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the component I to the component II is 0.1-20. The reaction process has an extremely high light olefin selectivity; the sum of the selectivity of the light olefin comprising ethylene, propylene and butylene can reach 50-90%, while the selectivity of a methane side product is less than 7%.

The present invention relates to a catalyst which is a composite oxide including at least one element X selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table, and at least one element Z selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Group 14 of the periodic table, wherein the catalyst has mesopores.

A hybrid catalyst including a metal oxide catalyst component comprising chromium, zinc, and at least one additional metal selected from the group consisting of iron and manganese, and a microporous catalyst component that is a molecular sieve having 8-MR pore openings. The at least one additional metal is present in an amount from 5.0 at % to 20.0 at %.

A catalyst containing LF-type B acid preparing ethylene using direct conversion of syngas is a composite catalyst and formed by compounding component A and component B in a mechanical mixing mode. The active ingredient of the component A is a metal oxide; the component B is a zeolite of MOR topology; and a weight ratio of the active ingredients in the component A to the component B is 0.1-20. The reaction process has an extremely high product yield and selectivity, with the selectivity for light olefin reaching 80-90%, wherein ethylene has high space time yield and can reach selectivity of 75-80%. Meanwhile, the selectivity for a methane side product is extremely low (<15%).

A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins including introducing a feed stream of hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream that includes C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst including a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component. The metal oxide catalyst component including a metal component present on a metal oxide support material. The metal oxide support material includes at least one oxide of a metal selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements. The product stream has a C.sub.3/C.sub.2 carbon molar ratio greater than or equal to 4.0.

Processes for the catalytic conversion of alcohols and/or ethers to olefins over zeolite catalysts are described. Self-bound ZSM-5 and metal containing variants, such as Zn ZSM-5, produce high yields of olefins, particularly C3+ olefins, between 250 and 450° C.

The technical field of catalysts, in particular to a combined catalyst and a preparation method thereof, and a method for preparing xylene by coupling carbon dioxide hydrogenation with toluene alkylation. The combined catalyst of the present disclosure having a metal oxide and a zeolite. In the present disclosure, the metal oxide is mainly used to reduce carbon dioxide to methanol, and the zeolite is mainly used to react toluene with methanol to produce xylene. When the catalyst of the present disclosure is used to prepare xylene, carbon dioxide and hydrogen can be used as raw materials instead of methanol. Compared with the traditional alkylation of toluene with methanol, this method can avoid the side reaction of methanol to olefins caused by the improper methanol/toluene feeding ratio, and improve the production efficiency of xylene; meanwhile, it can inhibit xylene isomerization and increase p-xylene selectivity in the products.

The present disclosure provides ethanol comprising an inorganic component and/or an organic component. The inorganic component may contain at least one component selected from the group consisting of: silicon having a content of 10 mg/L or more and 100 mg/L or less; chromium having a content of 0.6 mg/L or less; iron having a content of 2.0 mg/L or less; sodium having a content of 150 mg/L or more and 1000 mg/L or less; and potassium having a content of 1.0 mg/L or more and 10 mg/L or less. The organic component may contain at least one component selected from the group consisting of: aliphatic hydrocarbon having a content of 0.16 mg/L or more and 10 mg/L or less; aromatic hydrocarbon having a content of 0.4 mg/L or more and 10 mg/L or less; and dialkyl ether having a content of 0.1 mg/L or more and 100 mg/L or less.

The disclosure relates to a single-atom-based catalyst system with total-length control of single-atom catalytic sites. The single-atom-based catalyst system comprises at least one catalyst structure comprising a first assembly of a plurality of single-atom-catalyst superparticles. The single-atom-catalyst superparticles comprise a second assembly of a plurality of single-atom-catalyst nanoparticles. The single-atom-based catalyst system has controlled porosity and spatial distribution of active single-atom catalysts from the atomic scale to the macroscopic scale. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.