According to embodiments, a process of forming a catalyst for aromatizing hydrocarbons may include enhancing a mesoporosity of a zeolite support by a base-leaching treatment, an acid-leaching treatment, or both to form a zeolite support having enhanced mesoporosity, mixing the zeolite support having enhanced mesoporosity with a solution containing zinc or gallium to disperse the zinc or gallium on the zeolite support having enhanced mesoporosity, and calcining the zeolite support having enhanced mesoporosity with zinc or gallium dispersed thereon to form a zinc- or gallium-doped zeolite catalyst having a mesopore volume of greater than 0.09 cm.sup.3/g and less than 0.20 cm.sup.3/g.

A method for producing a dehydrogenated product and a coked catalyst, then introducing an oxygen-containing fluid, combusting at least a portion of the coke disposed on the catalyst in the presence of the oxygen-containing fluid to produce a decoked catalyst. An apparatus for introducing fluid into a reactor, comprising a first inlet conduit configured to convey a first gas, a second inlet conduit configured to convey a second gas, and an outlet conduit configured to convey the first gas and the second gas into a reactor, wherein there is an acute angle between a longitudinal axes of the first inlet conduit and a longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the outlet conduit and the longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and a pre-distributor disposed, in one embodiment on the inner surface, within the first inlet conduit is disclosed.

A process for the production of benzene and ethylene from an alkane-containing gas stream. The alkane-containing gas stream may be contacted, in a reaction zone of a reactor under alkane aromatization conditions, with an aromatization catalyst including any combination of fresh, spent, and regenerated catalyst to produce an outlet stream including (i) spent catalyst and (ii) a product mixture including benzene and ethylene. The spent catalyst may be regenerated in a regeneration zone under regeneration conditions to produce the regenerated catalyst. A selected amount of fresh catalyst may be added to the regeneration zone to produce the mixture of fresh catalyst and regenerated catalyst, which may be recycled to the reaction zone. A ratio of benzene to ethylene in the product mixture may be controlled by modifying the alkane aromatization conditions, the regeneration conditions, and/or the selected amount of fresh catalyst added to the regeneration zone.

This disclosure relates to catalyst compositions including gallium and a zirconium-based mixed oxide support, to methods for making such catalysts, and to methods for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons with such catalysts. For example, in one embodiment, a catalyst composition includes a mixed oxide support comprising at least about 50 wt. % of zirconium oxide, the mixed oxide support being present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 40 wt. % to about 99.9 wt. %; and disposed on the support, gallium, present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, calculated as Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 on a calcined basis.

A process for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids from synthesis gas includes introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas comprising carbon monoxide into a reaction zone of a first reactor, converting the feed stream into an intermediate stream comprising C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 hydrocarbons in the reaction zone in the presence of a first catalyst, wherein the intermediate stream further comprises carbon dioxide and wherein the first catalyst is a composite catalyst comprising a metal oxide catalyst component and a microporous catalyst component, and converting the intermediate stream into a product stream comprising C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 carboxylic acids in the presence of a second catalyst in a second reactor. The second reactor can be configured for olefin oxidation or paraffin oxidation.

The present invention relates to an olefin metathesis reaction catalyst where rhenium (Re) oxide or molybdenum (Mo) oxide is supported, as a catalyst main component, on a surface-modified mesoporous silica or mesoporous alumina support, and a preparation method therefor. The olefin metathesis reaction catalyst of the present invention allows highly efficient metathesis of long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons having at least eight carbons at a low temperature of 150 C. or lower. The catalyst can be separated readily from reaction solution, regenerated at a low temperature of 400 C. or lower by removing toxins accumulated on it during the metathesis reaction, and used repeatedly in metathesis reaction many times, thereby being made good use in commercial olefin metathesis processes.

A platinum-gallium based catalyst for alkane dehydrogenation is provided with an oxidation promotor in the form of cerium that is added to the catalyst composition to improve the regeneration thereof. The cerium is preferably added to the catalyst composition in an amount from 0.001 to 0.5 wt %.

This disclosure relates to catalysts comprising gallium, cerium, and a mixed oxide support useful in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, to methods for making such catalysts, and to methods for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons with such catalysts. For example, in one embodiment, a catalyst composition includes gallium oxide, present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, cerium oxide, present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, a promoter, M1, selected from Pt, Ir, La, or a mixture thereof, present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 0.005 wt. % to about 4 wt. %, a promoter, M2, selected from the group 1 elements (e.g., Li, Na, K, Cs), present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 0.05 wt. % to about 3 wt. %, and a support, S1, selected from alumina, silica, zirconia, titania, or a mixture thereof, present in the composition in an amount within the range of about 60 wt. % to about 99 wt. %.

The present invention relates to a catalytic composition which comprises microspheroidal alumina and an active component containing a mixture comprising Gallium and/or Gallium oxides, Tin and/or Tin oxides, a quantity ranging from 1 ppm to 500 ppm with respect to the total weight of the catalytic composition of platinum and/or platinum oxides, and oxides of alkaline and/or alkaline earth metals.

Processes for dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon feedstock are described. The process can be run at lower H.sub.2/HC ratios and lower RITs while maintaining coke production at the same level as operation at higher H.sub.2/HC ratios and higher RITs without decreasing the yield per pass. Acceptable levels of coke were achieved when operating the process at low hydrogen to hydrocarbon molar ratio in the range of 0.01 to 0.40 and reactor inlet temperatures in the range of 500-645 C. The process uses a low coke catalyst.