A flexible process for gasoline refineries is described. The process can vary depending on the available feedstock and the desired products. At one time, the process can involve disproportionating pentanes to a product mixture including isobutane and isohexane. At other times, by switching the feedstock and operating conditions, the process can convert a mixture of C.sub.4 and C.sub.7 paraffins to a low aromatic blendstock with suitable octane and a vapor pressure lower than butanes. The process can be performed in separate stand-alone units operated at different times, or a single unit can be operated according to one process at one time and according to the other process at another time.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing alkylate comprising the subsequent steps (a), (b) and (c): (a) an alkylation step, wherein in a reaction zone a hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least an isoparaffin and an olefin is reacted with an ionic liquid catalyst to obtain an effluent comprising alkylate and solids, which latter are formed as side products in the alkylation step; (b) a separation step, wherein at least part of the alkylate-comprising effluent coming from the reaction zone is separated in a separator unit into a hydrocarbon-rich phase and an ionic liquid catalyst-rich phase which latter phase also comprises solids formed as side products during the alkylation reaction; and (c) a solids removal step, wherein the solids in ionic liquid catalyst-rich phase are separated from the ionic liquid catalyst using a suitable separating device; wherein the process further comprises a step following the separation step (b) and prior to the solids removal step (c).

The present invention refers to processes for preparing catalyst loaded polyphenylene particles, the so-obtained polyphenylene particles and their use as catalysts.

A method of alkylating a hydrocarbon stream including: providing a feed stream that includes hydrocarbons and ionic liquid catalyst; passing the feed stream through a low efficiency mixer to create a mixed stream, whereby the low efficiency mixer creates droplets within the feed stream that are primarily within a predetermined size range; passing the mixed stream and an olefin stream into a reactor; performing an alkylation reaction within the reactor, thereby forming a reacted stream; and separating the reacted stream into a settled ionic liquid catalyst stream and a hydrocarbon stream through the use of at least one hydrocyclone.

The present invention discloses a process for depolymerization of lignin to yield substituted phenolic monomers using Brnsted ionic liquid as catalyst under mild reaction conditions to obtain an overall yield of monomers up to 97%.

The invention relates to a process for producing a particulate, Si-bonded fluidized-bed catalyst having improved abrasion resistance, which comprises the steps I. provision of an aqueous suspension comprising zeolite particles, II. addition of a silicone resin mixture comprising one or more hydrolyzable silicone resin precondensates and mixing of the aqueous suspension and the silicone resin mixture, III. spray drying of the mixture obtained from step II, with the mixture being homogenized before spray drying, and IV. calcination of the spray-dried fluidized-bed catalyst obtained from step III,
and an Si-bonded fluidized-bed catalyst which can be produced by this process and also its use for the nonoxidative dehydroaromatization of C.sub.1-C.sub.4-aliphatics.

A catalyst composition comprises an inert hydrocarbon solvent, having dissolved therein a titanate of the formula Ti(OR).sub.4 wherein each R is the same or different, and is a hydrocarbon residue, and an organic aluminum compound, wherein a molar ratio of the organic aluminum compound and any alkene present in the catalyst composition is greater than one.

A method for continuous-flow amination for an alkyl carboxylic acid compound is provided, in which an amination reagent and a catalyst are mixed in a first micro-mixer and then preheated in a preheater. The mixture is mixed with a substituted alkyl carboxylic acid solution in a second micro-mixer and reacted in a dynamic flow reactor to produce a mixture including a carboxyl-containing organic amine product. Then, the mixture is subjected to gas-liquid separation, and the liquid phase is collected and filtered to obtain a first filtrate and a first filter residue. The first filter residue is mixed with a base solution under stirring and filtered to obtain a second filtrate and a second filter residue. The second filter residue was dried to yield a high-purity carboxyl-containing organic amine product.

The present invention relates to ammonium salts of formula (I)

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where R=H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5; m=2, 3; R, R, R=CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; R.sup.IV=H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3 and X=monovalent counterion, to a process for their production and to the use thereof.

The present disclosure provides means to produce glycolaldehyde dialkyl acetal in high yield. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for producing glycolaldehyde dialkyl acetal including a glycolaldehyde formation step of converting paraformaldehyde to glycolaldehyde in an ether type solvent in a presence of an N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst, and an acetalization step of treating the glycolaldehyde with an alcohol solution of hydrogen chloride to obtain the glycolaldehyde dialkyl acetal. The N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst is a compound represented by a formula (I) or (II) [in the formulae, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8, and A.sup. have meanings described in description and the appended claims], and the glycolaldehyde formation step and the acetalization step are performed in a single container.

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