The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

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or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein U, J, V, X, R.sup.1a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.5 and t are as described herein. The present invention relates generally to inhibitors of histone deacetylase and to methods of making and using them. These compounds are useful for promoting cognitive function and enhancing learning and memory formation. In addition, these compounds are useful for treating, alleviating, and/or preventing various conditions, including for example, neurological disorders, memory and cognitive function disorders/impairments, extinction learning disorders, fungal diseases and infections, inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, and neoplastic diseases in humans and animals.

The invention relates to 2-octylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid, in particular in the form of one of the isomers thereof in isolated form or in the form of a mixture of at least two of said isomers. The invention further relates to a method for synthesizing 2-octylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid or at least one of the isomers thereof. Finally, the invention relates to the use of 2-octylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid or of one of said isomers in isolated form or of one of the mixtures of at least two of the isomers thereof, as a perfuming agent. The invention further relates to the compositions including 2-octylcyclopropyl-1-carboxylic acid or one of said isomers in isolated form or one of the mixtures of at least two of the isomers thereof, as a perfuming agent.

Provided is a novel compound having a selective activating effect on ERβ. The present invention provides a compound represented by the following formula (1) wherein R.sup.1 represents a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group, a 4- to 6-membered cyclic amino group, an alkanoylamino group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a 1-trifluoromethyl-1-hydroxymethyl group, or a 1-methylpropyl group; R.sup.2 to R.sup.5 are the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom; and R.sup.6 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkanoyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or a salt thereof. ##STR00001##

A process of converting a carbon-carbon multiple bond to a cyclopropane ring, comprising the addition of a N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound to a mixture of alkene precursor, aqueous base and Pd(II)-catalyst, with the N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound obtained directly from an alkyl amine derivative, NaNO.sub.2 and an acid via phase separation of the N-alkyl-N-nitroso compound from the aqueous phase.

Disclosed herein are small molecule inhibitors of 12(S)-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX), and methods of using the small molecules to inhibit 12-LOX activation and to treat diseases, such as platelet hemostasis and thrombosis. In particular, disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: wherein the substituents are as described. ##STR00001##

The invention provides a compound of Formula I, an isomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof, and use thereof in manufacture of a medicament for preventing and/or treating a drug-resistant tumor or disease or disorder caused by a drug-resistant bacterium, or use thereof in manufacture of a medicament for preventing and/or treating a tumor, a neurodegenerative disease, an allogeneic graft rejection, or an infection-associated disease or disorder; preferably, the tumor, neurodegenerative disease, allogeneic graft rejection, or infection-associated disease or disorder is a disease or disorder caused by Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). The compounds of the invention, which are a class of Hsp70 inhibitors having a novel structure and a high activity, solve the problem concerning drug resistance of tumors, enhance the effect of treating tumors, and provide a new medical strategy for treatment of tumors in clinic. ##STR00001##

Described are RORγ modulators of the formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein all substituents are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Such compounds and compositions are useful in methods for modulating RORγ activity in a cell and methods for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder in which the subject would therapeutically benefit from modulation of RORγ activity, for example, autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders. ##STR00001##

A method of inhibiting the conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) and lowering TMAO by providing a composition comprising a compound set forth in Formula (I): ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a method for obtaining high purity (bromomethyl)cyclopropane and (bromomethyl)cyclobutane, starting respectively with cyclopropylmethanol and cyclobutylmethanol, under synthesis conditions that enable high productivity and high yield.

Provided are certain histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors of Formula I, compositions thereof, and methods of their use. ##STR00001##