Described herein are compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of the following formula:

##STR00001##

The compounds are useful for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

The present disclosure relates to compounds suitable for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing neuromuscular disorders, including the reversal of drug-induced neuromuscular blockade. The compounds as defined herein can inhibit the CIC-1 ion channel.

A drug containing, as an active ingredient, a compound having an antagonistic activity against an EP.sub.2 receptor in the prevention and/or treatment of a disease associated with the activation of an EP.sub.2 receptor, of formula (I-A):

##STR00001##

wherein all symbols have the same meanings as those described in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A preparation method for a trans-cyclobutane-o-dicarboxylic acid ester and a derivative thereof includes the following steps: in an organic solvent, catalyzing a substrate with a structure as shown in a structural formula I by using organic alkali at 50-90° C. so as to generate isomerization, acquiring the trans-cyclobutane-o-dicarboxylic acid ester or the derivative thereof, herein the structural formula I is as follows:

##STR00001##

Each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently one of hydrogen or an alkyl of C.sub.1-C.sub.5, and each of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently one of alkyl of C.sub.1-C.sub.10 and benzyl.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPR X4 generally, or for treating a MRGPR X4 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPR X4 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein n, x, A, Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Z, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as to compounds themselves, are also provided.

This invention relates to a process for making a polycondensation pre-polyester, a polyester or both, comprising the following steps: A. Acylation of at least one diacid chloride with at least one alcohol to form at least one diester; B. Partial hydrolysis of the diester product of Step A to form at least one monoacid; C. Esterifying the monoacid of Step B with at least one diol to form a diester; D. Reacting the diester of Step C under acidic conditions to form a diacid; and subsequently, performing either Step E or Step F as follows: E. Bisalkylation of the diacid of Step D with at least one haloalcohol to form a pentamer, or F. Esterifiying the diacid of Step D under esterification conditions with at least one diol to form a pentamer, provided that the diol is not the same as the diol used in Step C.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel squarylium dye that can achieve an equivalent chromaticity value of even a colored resin composition having a low content of the squarylium dye as compared with a colored resin composition comprising a conventional squarylium dye. The present invention provides a compound represented by the formula (I) wherein R.sup.4 to R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or the like; R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or the like; R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 each independently represent a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or the like; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each independently represent a halogen atom or an alkyl halide group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and m1 and m2 each independently represent an integer of 1 to 5. ##STR00001##

The disclosure provides therapeutic compositions (i.e., therapeutic agents) and methods of preventing or treating Friedreich's ataxia in a mammalian subject, reducing risk factors, signs and/or symptoms associated with Friedreich's ataxia (e.g., Complex I deficiency), and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of Friedreich's ataxia. The disclosure further provides novel intermediates for the production of said therapeutic compositions and related reduced versions of said therapeutic compositions, which reduce forms may also be used as therapeutic agents (or prodrugs of the therapeutic agent(s)).

The present invention relates to novel compounds of general Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the groups X, and R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 have the meanings given in the description, to a process for preparing these compounds and to their use for treating, preventing or ameliorating viral infections and diseases which are associated with PLA2G16.

Provided herein are opioid receptor modulators and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds.