The present invention includes novel polycationic amphiphilic compounds useful as antimicrobial agents. The present invention further includes methods useful for removing microorganisms and/or biofilm-embedded microorganisms from a surface. The present invention further includes compositions and methods useful for preventing or reducing the growth or proliferation of microorganisms and/or biofilm-embedded microorganisms on a surface.

The present invention includes novel polycationic amphiphilic compounds useful as antimicrobial agents. The present invention further includes methods useful for removing microorganisms and/or biofilm-embedded microorganisms from a surface. The present invention further includes compositions and methods useful for preventing or reducing the growth or proliferation of microorganisms and/or biofilm-embedded microorganisms on a surface.

2,6-bis(((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine and N2, N6-dibenzylpyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide derivatives and related compounds as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for treating cancer. The present invention relates to pharmaceutically active 2,6-bis((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine, N2,N6-dibenzylpyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide and N2,N6-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl) pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide, as well as to derivatives thereof, and to structurally related compounds. These compounds are phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors (PI3K) and useful in treating or preventing cancerous diseases. The invention further relates methods of manufacturing such compounds as well as to pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprising such compounds, optionally together with other pharmaceutically active compounds. The invention further relates to a method for determining the activity of PI3Kalpha or PI3Kalpha mutants, which method includes: a) providing a solid phase which is functionalized by immobilization of GST-GRP1-molecules onto the solid phase, b) performing a PI3Kalpha or PI3Kalpha mutant catalyzed enzyme reaction to convert PIP2 to PIP3, c) adding competitor PIP3 carrying a detectable label or reporter molecule, and d) determining enzyme activity based on the amount of PIP3 obtained in step b) which competes with competitor PIP3 for binding to the functionalized solid phase.

2,6-bis(((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine and N2, N6-dibenzylpyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide derivatives and related compounds as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for treating cancer. The present invention relates to pharmaceutically active 2,6-bis((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine, N2,N6-dibenzylpyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide and N2,N6-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl) pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxamide, as well as to derivatives thereof, and to structurally related compounds. These compounds are phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors (PI3K) and useful in treating or preventing cancerous diseases. The invention further relates methods of manufacturing such compounds as well as to pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprising such compounds, optionally together with other pharmaceutically active compounds. The invention further relates to a method for determining the activity of PI3Kalpha or PI3Kalpha mutants, which method includes: a) providing a solid phase which is functionalized by immobilization of GST-GRP1-molecules onto the solid phase, b) performing a PI3Kalpha or PI3Kalpha mutant catalyzed enzyme reaction to convert PIP2 to PIP3, c) adding competitor PIP3 carrying a detectable label or reporter molecule, and d) determining enzyme activity based on the amount of PIP3 obtained in step b) which competes with competitor PIP3 for binding to the functionalized solid phase.

A compound, or a protonate or salt thereof, of formula I: ##STR00001## wherein Y is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; n is 1 or 2; each R.sup.10 is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, a polyether moiety, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, nitro, amino, aryloxy, aryl, substituted aryl, cyano, hydroxyl, carbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, acyl, sulfonyl, or substituted sulfonyl; a is 0 to 4; ##STR00002##
is an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and each R is independently halogen, carbonylamino, sulfonamide, carboxylic acid or hydrogen, provided at least one R is a halogen; and provided that if Y is ##STR00003##
are not ##STR00004##
respectively.

A compound, or a protonate or salt thereof, of formula I: ##STR00001## wherein Y is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; n is 1 or 2; each R.sup.10 is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, a polyether moiety, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, nitro, amino, aryloxy, aryl, substituted aryl, cyano, hydroxyl, carbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, acyl, sulfonyl, or substituted sulfonyl; a is 0 to 4; ##STR00002##
is an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and each R is independently halogen, carbonylamino, sulfonamide, carboxylic acid or hydrogen, provided at least one R is a halogen; and provided that if Y is ##STR00003##
are not ##STR00004##
respectively.

Provided herein are novel monomethyl fumarate prodrugs.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

There are provided inter alia metalloenzyme inhibitors, such as inhibitors of influenza A RNA dependent RNA polymerase PA subunit endonuclease, and methods of synthesis and use of the same.