Amine-epoxy curing agents are disclosed including at least one saturated heterocyclic compound having two nitrogen heteroatoms according to formula (I) and at least one saturated fused bicyclic heterocyclic compound having three nitrogen heteroatoms according to formula (II):

##STR00001##

wherein X is independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl group and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group, Y.sub.1 is a direct bond or a divalent polyethylene polyamine group having 1 to 8 nitrogen atoms or a divalent polyethylene polyamine derivative having 1 to 8 nitrogen atoms, Y.sub.2 is a direct bond or a divalent polyethylene polyamine group having 1 to 7 nitrogen atoms and R is independently a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.8 linear, cyclic, and branched alkyl, alkenyl, and alkaryl groups.

Amine-epoxy curing agents are disclosed including at least one saturated heterocyclic compound having two nitrogen heteroatoms according to formula (I) and at least one saturated fused bicyclic heterocyclic compound having three nitrogen heteroatoms according to formula (II):

##STR00001##

wherein X is independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl group and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group, Y.sub.1 is a direct bond or a divalent polyethylene polyamine group having 1 to 8 nitrogen atoms or a divalent polyethylene polyamine derivative having 1 to 8 nitrogen atoms, Y.sub.2 is a direct bond or a divalent polyethylene polyamine group having 1 to 7 nitrogen atoms and R is independently a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.8 linear, cyclic, and branched alkyl, alkenyl, and alkaryl groups.

Compounds having the following structure (VI-A): ##STR00001##
or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or any stereoisomer thereof, wherein R.sub.E1, R.sub.E2, R.sub.E3, R.sub.E4, Z.sub.E2 and Z.sub.E3 are as disclosed herein, are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for use of the compounds for treating disorders associated with necrosptosis are also provided.

Compounds having the following structure (VI-A): ##STR00001##
or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or any stereoisomer thereof, wherein R.sub.E1, R.sub.E2, R.sub.E3, R.sub.E4, Z.sub.E2 and Z.sub.E3 are as disclosed herein, are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for use of the compounds for treating disorders associated with necrosptosis are also provided.

The present invention relates to phenolic compounds substituted with non-radioactive isotopes and the uses thereof, and more specifically to phenolic compounds in which some elements of biotin-phenol or desthiobiotin-phenol are substituted with non-radioactive isotopes and the uses thereof as probes for APEX family enzymes used in proximity molecular labeling. According to the present invention, proteins that are present in spaces that are not separated by membranes (e.g., mitochondrial cristae lumen), which previously could not be analyzed, can be identified, and the quantitative comparative analysis of protein expression in cells in different environments is possible, and it has the advantage of being able to quantitatively compare and analyze protein ratios in different adjacent spaces, and particularly, it has the advantage of being able to label proteins economically compared to the conventional technique of labeling proteins using heavy-carbon labeled amino acids.

The present invention relates to phenolic compounds substituted with non-radioactive isotopes and the uses thereof, and more specifically to phenolic compounds in which some elements of biotin-phenol or desthiobiotin-phenol are substituted with non-radioactive isotopes and the uses thereof as probes for APEX family enzymes used in proximity molecular labeling. According to the present invention, proteins that are present in spaces that are not separated by membranes (e.g., mitochondrial cristae lumen), which previously could not be analyzed, can be identified, and the quantitative comparative analysis of protein expression in cells in different environments is possible, and it has the advantage of being able to quantitatively compare and analyze protein ratios in different adjacent spaces, and particularly, it has the advantage of being able to label proteins economically compared to the conventional technique of labeling proteins using heavy-carbon labeled amino acids.

There are provided an ionic liquid having ether group(s) in which a copper(I) compound is included, a method for preparing the same, and a method for removing traces amounts of acetylene-based hydrocarbon compounds included in olefin by absorption or extraction using the same. When the disclosed solution is used, oxidation of Cu(I) to Cu(II) is prevented since CuX is stabilized by the ionic liquid. Thus, selective removal efficiency of acetylenic compounds is improved greatly while the removal performance is retained for a long period of time. Further, since the solution according to the present disclosure is applicable as an extractant as well as an absorbent, the associated operation is simple and apparatus cost can be decreased.

An efficient method for the preparation of backbone-substituted imidazolinium salts for use as N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, e.g., for organometallic catalysts is provided. These functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands are used to prepare solid-supported catalysts, e.g., for olefin metathesis.

Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.