Described herein are methods of using compounds of Formula (I) to modulate PKM2 activity in a subject. These compounds are represented by Formula (I): wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

Described herein are methods of using compounds of Formula (I) to modulate PKM2 activity in a subject. These compounds are represented by Formula (I): wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Described herein are methods of using compounds of Formula (I) to modulate PKM2 activity in a subject. These compounds are represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein.

Described herein are methods of using compounds of Formula (I) to modulate PKM2 activity in a subject. These compounds are represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein.

A mixture contains a first compound and a second compound, in which the first compound has at least one of a first cyclic structure represented by a formula (11) below and a second cyclic structure represented by a formula (12) below, and the second compound is a compound represented by a formula (21) or a compound represented by a formula (22) below, and a total mass M.sub.T of the first and second compounds and a mass M.sub.2 of the second compound in the mixture satisfy a relationship of a numerical formula (Numerical Formula 1) below, ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

Provided are: a dicyano N-heterocyclic compound represented by formula (I) (in the formula, R.sup.3 represents an electron-donating group, and n represents the number of repetitions of the content in brackets and is 0 or 1), the compound having exceptional heat resistance and light emission characteristics; a light-emitting material; and a light-emitting element in which the same is used. ##STR00001##