Described herein are compounds that activate pyruvate kinase, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. These compounds are represented by Formula (I) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.j, R.sup.k, and Q are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to organic electroluminescent materials and organic electroluminescent devices, in particular, discloses a compound of formula (1), wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-20 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; and at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 contains a group having a hole-transporting ability; and at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 contains a group having an electron-transporting ability; A and B each independently represent hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted, fused aromatic ring, or a substituted or unsubstituted, fused heteroaromatic ring containing a heteroatom(s) selected from O, N and S.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to organic electroluminescent materials and organic electroluminescent devices, in particular, discloses a compound of formula (1), wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-20 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; and at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 contains a group having a hole-transporting ability; and at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 contains a group having an electron-transporting ability; A and B each independently represent hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted, fused aromatic ring, or a substituted or unsubstituted, fused heteroaromatic ring containing a heteroatom(s) selected from O, N and S.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterised by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide or formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide or formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide or formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide or formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Provided is a therapeutic agent for ADHD having an efficacy comparable to that of central nervous system stimulants and the same low risk of drug dependence and abuse as existing non-central nervous system stimulants, more particularly a compound represented by formula [I]:

##STR00001##

wherein each symbol is as defined in the description, or a salt thereof.

Provided are a material for a light receiving element having excellent hole transport characteristics, and an organic light receiving element using the same.

A material for a light receiving element is used that includes a compound represented by general formula (1) or general formula (2). Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are preferably cyano groups. Ar and Ar.sup.5 are preferably cyano groups.

##STR00001##

Provided are a material for a light receiving element having excellent hole transport characteristics, and an organic light receiving element using the same.

A material for a light receiving element is used that includes a compound represented by general formula (1) or general formula (2). Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are preferably cyano groups. Ar and Ar.sup.5 are preferably cyano groups.

##STR00001##