The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing Group VIII metals. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.

The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing Group VIII metals. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.

The invention relates to aryl substituted heterocyclyl sulfones as voltage gated calcium channel blockers, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and also to these compounds for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain and further diseases and/or disorders.

The invention relates to aryl substituted heterocyclyl sulfones as voltage gated calcium channel blockers, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and also to these compounds for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain and further diseases and/or disorders.

A compound represented by formula (1-1) or (1-2) is provided. ##STR00001##
For example, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons or alkoxy having 1 to 9 carbons; the ring A.sup.1, the ring A.sup.2, the ring A.sup.3, the ring A.sup.4, the ring A.sup.5 and the ring A.sup.6 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; a, b, c, d, e and f are independently 0 or 1, and the sum of a, b, c, d, e and f is 2; and g, h, i, j, k and l are independently 0 or 1, and the sum of g, h, i, j, k and l is 2.

A compound represented by formula (1-1) or (1-2) is provided. ##STR00001##
For example, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons or alkoxy having 1 to 9 carbons; the ring A.sup.1, the ring A.sup.2, the ring A.sup.3, the ring A.sup.4, the ring A.sup.5 and the ring A.sup.6 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; a, b, c, d, e and f are independently 0 or 1, and the sum of a, b, c, d, e and f is 2; and g, h, i, j, k and l are independently 0 or 1, and the sum of g, h, i, j, k and l is 2.

Compounds having a structure of Formula I and compositions comprising these compounds are provided. Uses of such compounds and compositions are provided for treatment or prophylaxis of viral infection. In particular, compounds and compositions may be for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of viral influenza.

Provided are siglec ligands and siglec conjugates. Also provided are methods of use of such conjugates, as well as pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

Provided are siglec ligands and siglec conjugates. Also provided are methods of use of such conjugates, as well as pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

The present invention relates to a codrug that cleaved in the gut, preparation therefor, and a use thereof. Specifically, provided is a codrug compound in formula I. Also provided are a method of using the present compound for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancers, as well as a method and an intermediate for preparing the present compound.