Disclosed herein, inter alia, are prodrug compositions and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of disease. Specifically, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I) having spiro-fused 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperidine rings, namely, 1,2,4-trioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

##STR00001##

Provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a compound (I) represented by Formula (I) and a compound (II) represented by Formula (II). In Formula (I), each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents a substituent such as an alkyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. In Formula (II), R.sup.3 represents an oxygen atom or the like; R.sup.4 represents a group represented by Formula (ii-1), a group represented by Formula (ii-2), or the like; and * represents a binding position. In Formula (ii-1), R.sup.41 represents an oxymethylene group or the like and, in Formula (ii-2), R.sup.42 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or the like.

##STR00001##

Provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a compound (I) represented by Formula (I) and a compound (II) represented by Formula (II). In Formula (I), each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents a substituent such as an alkyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. In Formula (II), R.sup.3 represents an oxygen atom or the like; R.sup.4 represents a group represented by Formula (ii-1), a group represented by Formula (ii-2), or the like; and * represents a binding position. In Formula (ii-1), R.sup.41 represents an oxymethylene group or the like and, in Formula (ii-2), R.sup.42 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or the like.

##STR00001##

A method for catalyzing a reaction of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide with a catalyst. The catalyst comprises at least one compound of formula (1):

##STR00001## where R is selected from an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a halohydrocarbyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbyl group, an imidazolyl group, or a heteroaromatic hydrocarbyl group; X is selected from halogens; B is selected from nitrogen, or phosphorus; A is selected from any of the following formulae with a sign * representing a bonding position:

##STR00002##

A method for catalyzing a reaction of an epoxide compound and carbon dioxide with a catalyst. The catalyst comprises at least one compound of formula (1):

##STR00001## where R is selected from an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a halohydrocarbyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbyl group, an imidazolyl group, or a heteroaromatic hydrocarbyl group; X is selected from halogens; B is selected from nitrogen, or phosphorus; A is selected from any of the following formulae with a sign * representing a bonding position:

##STR00002##

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are prodrug compositions and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of disease. Specifically, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I) having spiro-fused 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperidine rings, namely, 1,2,4-trioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. ##STR00001##

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are prodrug compositions and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of disease. Specifically, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I) having spiro-fused 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperidine rings, namely, 1,2,4-trioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. ##STR00001##

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are trioxolane compounds and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of diseases.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are trioxolane compounds and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of diseases.

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I) and in particular to medicaments comprising at least one compound of the formula I for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of physiological and/or pathophysiological conditions in the triggering of which cathepsin D is involved, in particular for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of osteoarthritis, traumatic cartilage injuries, arthritis, pain, allodynia or hyperalgesia.