This invention provides a method of preparing a β-hematin crystal comprising a step of heating, the β-hematin crystal obtained by such method, and a vaccine adjuvant composition containing the β-hematin crystal. The β-hematin crystal has a needle-like morphology, it has an average particle size of 0.6 to 1.2 μm, and it exhibits main peaks characteristics for angles of diffraction (2θ) of 7.4°, 12.2°, 21.6°, and 24.1° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by powder X-ray diffractometry with Cu—Kα rays (with each peak including a plus-minus 0.2° diffraction angle).

A porphyrine organic framework (“POF”) material is introduced with a one-pot method for photothermal material fabrication. The POF material may be deposited on a support scaffold by reacting a pyrrole by acid-catalyzed dehydration forming a plurality of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks particles on the support scaffold.

A porphyrine organic framework (“POF”) material is introduced with a one-pot method for photothermal material fabrication. The POF material may be deposited on a support scaffold by reacting a pyrrole by acid-catalyzed dehydration forming a plurality of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks particles on the support scaffold.

Energetic nitrogen-rich monomers represented by the general Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein each of X1 and X2 is independently NR or a covalent bond. R is H or C1-4 alkyl, each of T1 and T2 is independently a moiety selected from the group consisting of a triazole moiety, a tetrazole moiety and a guanidine moiety, at least one of T1 and T2 being substituted by at least one polymerizable group, are disclosed herein, as well as polymers based thereon, and uses of such polymers.

The present disclosure provides novel methods of making aluminum complexes with utility for promoting epoxide carbonylation reactions. Methods include reacting neutral metal carbonyl compounds with alkylaluminum complexes.

The present disclosure relates to a compound of general Formula (1) which can be used as an electrode material, an electrode comprising said compound, and a battery cell comprising at least one of said electrode.

##STR00001##

wherein M is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal ion, preferably selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au, an alkaline earth metal ion, preferably selected from the group consisting of Mg and Ca, a p-block element ion, preferably selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te, and a lanthanide ion, preferably selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Sm, and Eu, R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 and X.sup.1 to X.sup.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a halogen atom, —NZ.sup.1Z.sup.2, —NO.sub.2, —CN, —OZ.sup.3, —C(O)Z.sup.4, —C(O)NZ.sup.5Z.sup.6, and —COOZ.sup.7, wherein at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is an alkynyl group, Z.sup.1 to Z.sup.7 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and a halogen atom, and wherein the alkyl groups, the alkenyl groups, the alkynyl groups, the aryl groups, and the heteroaryl groups are each independently substituted or unsubstituted.

The present invention provides methods for increasing stability and efficiency of organic perovskite materials for use in various electronic devices. In particular, methods of the invention use a non-peripheral substituted phthalocyanine for passivating defects in organic perovskite materials, thereby increasing its stability and efficiency relative to the same material in the absence of said non-peripheral substituted phthalocyanine.

The present invention provides methods for increasing stability and efficiency of organic perovskite materials for use in various electronic devices. In particular, methods of the invention use a non-peripheral substituted phthalocyanine for passivating defects in organic perovskite materials, thereby increasing its stability and efficiency relative to the same material in the absence of said non-peripheral substituted phthalocyanine.

Described herein are corrole-based frameworks and methods for making the same. The corrole-based frameworks have unique structural and physical properties, which lends them to be versatile in a number of different applications and uses such as in gas storage/separation, proton conduction, biomedicine, sensing, and catalysis. In one aspect, the corrole-based frameworks are organic frameworks. In other aspects, the corrole-based frameworks are metal-organic frameworks.

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.