Methods of forming a battery include forming a thin graphene cathode on a substrate. A lithium anode is formed and an electrolyte is formed between the thin graphene cathode and the lithium anode.

Methods of forming a battery include forming a thin graphene cathode on a substrate. A lithium anode is formed and an electrolyte is formed between the thin graphene cathode and the lithium anode.

A three step synthesis of the 8,12-dihydro-4H-dibenzo[cd,mn]pyren-3a.sup.2-ylium cation (triangulenium cation) is effected by cascade cyclization of a tetra-benzyl alcohol precursor in triflic acid solution. This cation is easily observed by NMR and optical spectroscopy. Quenching of the cation into basic solutions or by hydride transfer from triethylsilane provides access to stable dihydro and tetrahydro[3]triangulenes. This route makes several [3]triangulene precursors more readily available for development of new applications in the field of molecular electronics.

A three step synthesis of the 8,12-dihydro-4H-dibenzo[cd,mn]pyren-3a.sup.2-ylium cation (triangulenium cation) is effected by cascade cyclization of a tetra-benzyl alcohol precursor in triflic acid solution. This cation is easily observed by NMR and optical spectroscopy. Quenching of the cation into basic solutions or by hydride transfer from triethylsilane provides access to stable dihydro and tetrahydro[3]triangulenes. This route makes several [3]triangulene precursors more readily available for development of new applications in the field of molecular electronics.

An alkali metal monohydrogen cyanurate compound of the chemical formula AM(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).nH.sub.2O (specifically such as KLi(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O, RbLi(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O, RbNa(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O) and a nonlinear optical crystal thereof are related to optoelectronic functional materials. Measured using a powder frequency doubling test method, and the powder frequency doubling effect of the nonlinear optical crystal is about 2-3 times that of KH.sub.2PO.sub.4 (KDP). The ultraviolet absorption edge of the nonlinear optical crystal is shorter than 250 nm. The nonlinear optical crystal can achieve the harmonic generator of double, triple, or quadruple frequency for Nd:YAG (λ=1.064 μm). Moreover, the nonlinear optical crystal is of a single crystalline structure, is colorless and transparent, and does not deliquesce in air.

An alkali metal monohydrogen cyanurate compound of the chemical formula AM(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).nH.sub.2O (specifically such as KLi(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O, RbLi(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O, RbNa(HC.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3).2H.sub.2O) and a nonlinear optical crystal thereof are related to optoelectronic functional materials. Measured using a powder frequency doubling test method, and the powder frequency doubling effect of the nonlinear optical crystal is about 2-3 times that of KH.sub.2PO.sub.4 (KDP). The ultraviolet absorption edge of the nonlinear optical crystal is shorter than 250 nm. The nonlinear optical crystal can achieve the harmonic generator of double, triple, or quadruple frequency for Nd:YAG (λ=1.064 μm). Moreover, the nonlinear optical crystal is of a single crystalline structure, is colorless and transparent, and does not deliquesce in air.

The present disclosure provides a lithium borate compound represented by the following Formula (I), an additive for a lithium secondary battery, which contains the lithium borate compound, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery precursor, and a lithium secondary battery and method of producing the same. In Formula (I), R represents a single bond or an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

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The present disclosure provides a lithium borate compound represented by the following Formula (I), an additive for a lithium secondary battery, which contains the lithium borate compound, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery precursor, and a lithium secondary battery and method of producing the same. In Formula (I), R represents a single bond or an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

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[OBJECT] To provide a metal-organic framework having high hygroscopicity under low humidity conditions, and a method for producing such a metal-organic framework. [SOLVING MEANS] A method for producing a coordinatively unsaturated metal-organic framework includes the steps of providing a precursor metal-organic framework comprising a metal cluster and a polycarboxylic acid ion and a monocarboxylic acid ion coordinated to the metal cluster, and allowing the precursor metal-organic framework and a metal salt having a Lewis acidity to coexist in a solvent to desorb at least a part of the monocarboxylic acid ion, which is coordinated to the metal cluster, from the metal cluster, as well as a coordinatively unsaturated metal-organic framework, including an M.sub.6O.sub.8-x(OH).sub.x-type metal cluster and carboxylic acid ions including a polycarboxylic acid ion as a polydentate ligand and a C.sub.1-3 monocarboxylic acid ion as a monodentate ligand coordinated to the metal cluster.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solvent including a hydrocarbon oligomer with at least 20 carbon atoms, where the hydrocarbon oligomer has at least one of a low viscosity, a low vapor pressure, and a high flashpoint. In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including a poly(α-olefin) and a reactive organometallic reagent. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including an oligomeric hydrocarbon and a reactive organometallic reagent. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method for creating a solution, where the method includes adding a reactive organometallic reagent to an oligomeric hydrocarbon.