The invention relates to oligomerization of olefins, such as ethylene, to higher olefins, such as a mixture of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using a catalyst system that comprises a) a source of chromium b) one or more activators and c) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound. Additionally, the invention relates to a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and a process for making said compound.

The invention relates to oligomerization of olefins, such as ethylene, to higher olefins, such as a mixture of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using a catalyst system that comprises a) a source of chromium b) one or more activators and c) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound. Additionally, the invention relates to a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and a process for making said compound.

The invention relates to oligomerization of olefins, such as ethylene, to higher olefins, such as a mixture of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using a catalyst system that comprises a) a source of chromium b) one or more activators and c) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound. Additionally, the invention relates to a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and a process for making said compound.

A dye-sensitized solar cell including a working electrode having a photocatalytic film, a counter electrode, and an electrolyte-containing layer or solid charge-transfer layer containing a basic compound, wherein the photocatalytic film includes an oxide semiconductor layer containing a dye compound represented by the following formula (1), ##STR00001## wherein Y is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and having —CO—NR.sup.4— or —SO.sub.2—NR.sup.4— in the group, or a direct bond, Z is a conjugated group, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted hydrocarbonoxy group, at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbonoxy group, and R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

A dye-sensitized solar cell including a working electrode having a photocatalytic film, a counter electrode, and an electrolyte-containing layer or solid charge-transfer layer containing a basic compound, wherein the photocatalytic film includes an oxide semiconductor layer containing a dye compound represented by the following formula (1), ##STR00001## wherein Y is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and having —CO—NR.sup.4— or —SO.sub.2—NR.sup.4— in the group, or a direct bond, Z is a conjugated group, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted hydrocarbonoxy group, at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbonoxy group, and R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

The present invention provides novel transition-metal precatalysts that are useful in preparing active coupling catalysts. In certain embodiments, the precatalysts of the invention are air-stable and moisture-stable. The present invention further provides methods of making and using the precatalysts of the invention.

The present invention provides novel transition-metal precatalysts that are useful in preparing active coupling catalysts. In certain embodiments, the precatalysts of the invention are air-stable and moisture-stable. The present invention further provides methods of making and using the precatalysts of the invention.

Conjugated diene polymer comprising at least a conjugated diene monomer unit, the conjugated diene polymer has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in terms of polystyrene of 1,000 to 1,000,000, a ratio (Mw/Mn) of a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of lower than 2.0 and the polymer bears a halogen atom at a terminal of the polymer chain. Method for producing the conjugated diene polymer comprises subjecting a monomer containing at least a conjugated diene to living radical polymerization using a polymerization initiator comprising a halogenocyclopentadienyl triorganophosphine η.sup.2-olefin ruthenium complex represented by formula (6) (and an organic halide. ##STR00001##

Conjugated diene polymer comprising at least a conjugated diene monomer unit, the conjugated diene polymer has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in terms of polystyrene of 1,000 to 1,000,000, a ratio (Mw/Mn) of a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of lower than 2.0 and the polymer bears a halogen atom at a terminal of the polymer chain. Method for producing the conjugated diene polymer comprises subjecting a monomer containing at least a conjugated diene to living radical polymerization using a polymerization initiator comprising a halogenocyclopentadienyl triorganophosphine η.sup.2-olefin ruthenium complex represented by formula (6) (and an organic halide. ##STR00001##

A ligand having the structure or its enantiomer; (I) wherein: each one of R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d is selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl; the bridge group is selected from CH.sub.2NH; *CH(CH.sub.3)NH(C*,R); and the organocatalyst is an organic molecule catalyst covalently bound to the bridge group. Also, a catalyst having the structure or its enantiomer: (II) wherein: each one of R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d is selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl; the bridge group is selected from CH.sub.2NH; *CH(CH.sub.3)NH(C*,R); and *CH(CH.sub.3)NH(C*,S); the organocatalyst is an organic molecule catalyst covalently bound to the bridge group; and M is selected from the group consisting of Rh, Pd, Cu, Ru, Ir, Ag, Au, Zn, Ni, Co, and Fe. ##STR00001##