Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) having inorganic nodes that comprise an octahedral Hf.sub.6 cluster capped by eight .sub.3-ligands and having twelve octahedral edges, wherein the .sub.3-ligands are hydroxo ligands, oxo ligands or aquo ligands; and organic linkers connecting the organic nodes, the organic linkers comprising 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene units; wherein eight of the twelve octahedral edges of the inorganic nodes are connected to the 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene units are provided.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe metal-organic framework compositions comprising a pillar characterized by the formula (M.sub.bF.sub.5(O/H.sub.2O)), where M.sub.b is selected from periodic groups IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, and VIII; and a square grid characterized by the formula (M.sub.a(ligand).sub.x), where M.sub.a is selected from periodic groups IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IVA, IVB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII, ligand is a polyfunctional organic ligand, and x is 1 or more; wherein the pillaring of the square grid with the pillars forms the metal-organic framework.

The present invention provides biologically active compounds and methods to obtain biologically active compounds that can be used as photosensitizers for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, particularly for PDT of cancer, infections and other hyperproliferative diseases, fluorescence diagnosis and PDT treatment of non-tumorous indications such as arthritis, inflammatory diseases, viral or bacterial infections, dermatological, ophthalmological or urological disorders. As the compounds exhibit also toxicity against targets (tumor cells, bacteria, inflammation-related cells) without light these biologically active compounds may also be used for the light-independent treatment of such indications. Preferred embodiments of the present invention consist of methods to synthesize metal or half-metal complex structures incorporating one or more substituted 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl-dipyrromethene (2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyldipyrrin) units. These dipyrromethenes (dipyrrins) can carry a variety of different substituents in the 4-position enabling a fine tuning of their biological or amphiphilic/hydrophilic properties. Another object of the present invention is to provide amphiphilic compounds with a higher membrane affinity and increased efficacy.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrolytic solution having high oxidation decomposition potential, where dissolution and deposition of magnesium proceed repeatedly and stably, using a non-nucleophilic alkoxide-type magnesium salt. The present invention relates to (1) an electrolytic solution for a magnesium battery comprising a mixture of a compound represented by the following general formula (I), a Lewis acid and a solvent: ##STR00001## (2) an electrochemical device comprising the electrolytic solution, a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and (3) a compound represented by the following general formula (I): ##STR00002##

An apparatus for producing metal organic frameworks, comprising: a tubular flow reactor comprising a tubular body into which, in use, precursor compounds which form the metal organic framework are fed and flow, said tubular body including at least one annular loop.

Provided herein are metal organic frameworks having high selectivity and stability in the present of gases and vapors including H2S, H2O, and CO2. Metal organic frameworks can comprise metal nodes and N-donor organic ligands. Further provided are methods of making metal organic frameworks.

Semiconductor thin films and rapid methods of fabrication can include mixed cations created through recrystalization.

The present disclosure relates to a method that includes preparing a mixture by dissolving at least two halide perovskite precursors in a first liquid, forming a halide perovskite crystal in the mixture by lowering a solubility limit of at least one of the halide perovskite precursors, and separating the halide perovskite crystal from the mixture, where at least one of the halide perovskite precursors contains an impurity, and the halide perovskite crystal is substantially free of the impurity.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first layer that includes a perovskite and a second layer that includes a perovskitoid, where the perovskite has a first crystalline structure defined by ABX.sub.3, the perovskitoid has a second crystalline structure defined by AB.sub.2X.sub.6, where A is a first cation, B is a second cation, X is an anion, and A is a third cation having either a 1+ charge or a 2+ charge.

This disclosure relates to an environmental-friendly and cost-efficient approach to synthesize CsPbBr.sub.3 powders in a large scale at room temperature with water. Using ultrasonication and centrifugation, CsPbBr.sub.3 nanocrystals can be obtained with green (?522 nm) and blue (?493 nm) emissions from the powders. The photoluminescence quantum yield of the blue-emitting nanocrystals is 80%, which is much larger than 61.4% of the CsPbBr.sub.3 nanocrystals made by an anti-solvent method. The green-emitting nanocrystals exhibit better stability than those made by the anti-solvent method over a period of 9 days. The method opens a new avenue to potentially produce inorganic and/or inorganic-organic hybrid halide perovskite nanocrystals without harmful organic solvents used in precursor solutions.