The invention provides ionic polymers (IP) consisting of anions and a polymeric backbone containing cations. The invention also provides the ionic polymers incorporated in membranes or attached to solid supports and use of the ionic polymers in processing of biomass.

Disclosed in the present disclosure is a purification method for sucralose-6-ethyl ester, and the method comprises: a secondary water boiling step: taking a sucralose-6-ethyl ester mother liquor, which has been subjected to boiling with water and a negative pressure treatment, adding a predetermined proportion of water to the sucralose-6-ethyl ester mother liquor, fully stirring and heating for boiling with water, and after stirring and boiling with water for a predetermined time, carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a secondary water-boiled mother liquor in which sucralose-6-ethyl ester is dissolved; a phase separating extraction step: leaving the secondary water-boiled mother liquor to stand for phase separation, taking the separated upper phase, extracting with an alkane extractant at a predetermined temperature, and removing residual white oil in the upper phase; a recrystallizing purification step: evaporating a lower-layer effluent obtained from extraction, so as to obtain a solid, and purifying the solid by means of recrystallization to obtain sucralose-6-ethyl ester; and a recycling step: separating the extracted upper-layer effluent, recovering the alkane extractant, and circulating the alkane extractant for use in the phase separation and extraction step. The method is simple, efficient and of low cost, and can effectively remove trace white oil and improve the purity of sucralose-6-ethyl ester.

Disclosed in the present disclosure is a purification method for sucralose-6-ethyl ester, and the method comprises: a secondary water boiling step: taking a sucralose-6-ethyl ester mother liquor, which has been subjected to boiling with water and a negative pressure treatment, adding a predetermined proportion of water to the sucralose-6-ethyl ester mother liquor, fully stirring and heating for boiling with water, and after stirring and boiling with water for a predetermined time, carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a secondary water-boiled mother liquor in which sucralose-6-ethyl ester is dissolved; a phase separating extraction step: leaving the secondary water-boiled mother liquor to stand for phase separation, taking the separated upper phase, extracting with an alkane extractant at a predetermined temperature, and removing residual white oil in the upper phase; a recrystallizing purification step: evaporating a lower-layer effluent obtained from extraction, so as to obtain a solid, and purifying the solid by means of recrystallization to obtain sucralose-6-ethyl ester; and a recycling step: separating the extracted upper-layer effluent, recovering the alkane extractant, and circulating the alkane extractant for use in the phase separation and extraction step. The method is simple, efficient and of low cost, and can effectively remove trace white oil and improve the purity of sucralose-6-ethyl ester.

Provided is a compound of the general formula (I):

##STR00001##

The compound of formula (I) is suitable for treating pulmonary fibrosis, such as Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a mammal. Also provided is a method for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, such as Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a human subject having a galectin-3 level indicative of pulmonary fibrosis or exacerbation of symptoms as well as a method for making said compound.

Provided is a compound of the general formula (I):

##STR00001##

The compound of formula (I) is suitable for treating pulmonary fibrosis, such as Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a mammal. Also provided is a method for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, such as Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a human subject having a galectin-3 level indicative of pulmonary fibrosis or exacerbation of symptoms as well as a method for making said compound.

A method of processing an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises one or more dissolved sugar, one or more dissolved sugar alcohol, or a mixture thereof, wherein the method comprises bringing the aqueous solution into contact with a collection of resin beads, wherein the resin beads comprise functional groups of structure (S1).

An Embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula. The compound of formula is suitable for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. Furthermore an embodiment of the present invention concerns a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.

An Embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula. The compound of formula is suitable for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. Furthermore an embodiment of the present invention concerns a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.

The present disclosure relates to lignocellulosic biomass processing and refining to produce hemicellulose and cellulose sugars. Methods and systems for refining a lignocellulosic hydrolysate are provided herein.

The present description relates to glycoconjugates, glycoconjugate immunogens and glycoconjugate vaccines comprising carbohydrate antigens coupled to immunogenic carrier proteins, or materials used for detection and screening of resulting antibodies. Improved methods of more directly and precisely conjugating carbohydrate antigens to free thiol groups of immunogenic carrier proteins are described, including click-chemistry approaches based on photocatalytic thiol-ene reactions.