Aspects of the disclosure relate to oligosaccharide compositions and methods of making the same. Also provided are methods of using oligosaccharide compositions as microbiome metabolic therapies for reducing ammonia levels and for the treatment of hyperammonemia-related diseases (e.g., urea cycle disorders and hepatic encephalopathy).

Disclosed is a method for decomposing chondroitin sulfate contained in a sample into disaccharide. In particular disclosed is a method for decomposing chondroitin sulfate contained in a sample into disaccharide by heating the chondroitin sulfate in HCl-methanol containing 2,2-dimethoxypropane at a temperature of 60° C. to 90° C. for 50 minutes to 180 minutes, optionally in the method, the sample is selected from body fluid, a cell, a tissue, an organ, a cell culture solution, a tissue culture solution, a food, and a feed, or a derived therefrom.

The clarity method for biotissue using a biotissue clearing agent including CHAPS of the present invention enables fast tissue clarity without denaturation.

The present invention provides methods of synthesizing trehalose analogues; methods of detecting mycobacteria, and trehalose analogues.

The present invention provides methods of synthesizing trehalose analogues; methods of detecting mycobacteria, and trehalose analogues.

Provided are: a fine particle production method that makes it possible to control the acidity, i.e., a surface property, of fine particles; and fine particles. A fine particle production method in which a raw material powder is used to produce fine particles by means of a gas phase method. The fine particle production method has a step for supplying an organic acid to raw material fine particles. The gas phase method is, for example, a thermal plasma method or a flame method. The fine particles have a surface coating that includes at least a carboxyl group.

A coated biological composition has a mixture of biologic material and a volume of a liquid protectant. The mixture of biologic material has non-whole cellular components or whole cells or combinations of the non-whole cellular components and whole cells, wherein the mixture is compatible with biologic function. The volume of a liquid protectant is intermixed with the mixture of biologic material, wherein the liquid protectant forms a coating externally enveloping each of the non-whole cellular components, if any, and each of the whole cells, if any, of the mixture of biologic material, to form the coated biological composition. The coated biological composition is frozen and thereafter thawed and then frozen a second time for storage or frozen at least once and thawed and stored under refrigeration above freezing, or frozen and thawed and then concentrated by drying, or while frozen without thawing lyophilized for ambient or room temperature storage.

Improved casein-based films are produced by adjusting the pH of a film-production suspension. The film-production suspension may contain a casein source, a plasticizer, and optionally a strengthening additive. The adjustment of the pH may be accomplished by the addition of an alkaline additive, such as a base, to achieve a desired pH value. The improved casein-based films have improved physical properties as compared to those produced without a pH-adjusted film-production suspension at least in part due to the chemical and structural changes imparted by the change in pH.

Improved casein-based films are produced by adjusting the pH of a film-production suspension. The film-production suspension may contain a casein source, a plasticizer, and optionally a strengthening additive. The adjustment of the pH may be accomplished by the addition of an alkaline additive, such as a base, to achieve a desired pH value. The improved casein-based films have improved physical properties as compared to those produced without a pH-adjusted film-production suspension at least in part due to the chemical and structural changes imparted by the change in pH.

Provided herein are processes for detecting oligosaccharides in a biological sample. In specific instances, the biological sample is provided from an individual suffering from a disorder associated with abnormal glycosaminoglycan accumulation.