The present invention provides compounds of Formula I,

##STR00001##

pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of using these compounds to treat or prevent a disease or disorder mediated by FXR and/or TGR5.

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II):

##STR00001##

pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of using these compounds to treat or prevent a disease or disorder mediated by FXR and/or TGR5.

The present invention provides compounds of Formula I:

##STR00001##

pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of using these compounds to treat or prevent a disease or disorder mediated by FXR and/or TGR5.

Provided herein, inter alia, are methods for the preparation of modulators of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and compositions and uses of the modulators of FXR.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein R is ethyl, propyl or allyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or amino acid conjugates thereof. The compounds of formula (I) are useful as FXR agonists.

Disclosed are the isolation, purification and analysis of the triterpenoid compositions (including ergostane and lanostane) in the fruiting body of Antrodia cinnamomea using HPLC and NMR, as well as the stereo structures and the amounts of the triterpenoid compositions. The cytotoxicity of triterpenoids is also revealed. Based on the aforementioned techniques, the presence and amounts of ergostane and lanostane in the drugs, healthcare food or other goods are able to be detected.

The present invention relates to obeticholic acid:

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or amino acid conjugate thereof. Obeticholic acid is useful for the treatment or prevention of a FXR mediated disease or condition, cardiovascular disease or cholestatic liver disease, and for reducing HDL cholesterol, for lowering triglycerides in a mammal, or for inhibition of fibrosis. The present invention also relates to processes for the synthesis of obeticholic acid.

Methods of preventing or retarding or reversing or abolishing the onset of Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.

The present invention relates to a preparation method of a novel vascular leakage blocker with a high yield. The preparation method is easy to react and more productive and economical than the conventional method by using an intermediate that can easily remove impurities generated during the reaction. In addition, the preparation method can produce a novel vascular leakage blocker with a high yield by using a new reagent that has not been previously used in the step of generating an isomer, and is very advantageous in producing a high-quality active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Provided are a scroll preparing method using a two-dimensional material and a scroll prepared thereby. The scroll preparing method comprises preparing a two-dimensional material. The two-dimensional material is scrolled by providing an amphiphilic substance having a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion on the two-dimensional material. As a result, a scroll composite including the amphiphilic substance disposed inside a scroll structure is formed.