A composition comprising a protein and at least one single-stranded linear RNA oligonucleotide with an unfolded tertiary structure, which is characterized by: a) a relative content of each of the nucleotides A, C, U, and G, which is the number of each of the nucleotides per total nucleotide number in the oligonucleotide, which relative content is the same ±10% (number of nucleotides per total nucleotide number) as compared to the relative content of the respective nucleotide in a reference; and/or b) a relative content of at least 50% (number of nucleotides per total nucleotide number) of one type of nucleotide selected from the group consisting of nucleotides A, C, U, and G, which exhibits the highest relative content (number of each of the nucleotides per total nucleotide number) in a reference; wherein the reference consists of a native mRNA or a set of different RNA sequences that covers all RNA sequences allowed by the universal genetic code, each encoding an amino acid sequence of at least three amino acids within a p re-determined aggregation-prone target region of said protein, wherein the oligonucleotide has a length which is the same length as the reference, or longer.

Intermediate compounds are disclosed for making incretin analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In addition, methods are disclosed for making incretin analogs by coupling from two to four of the intermediate compounds herein via hybrid liquid solid phase synthesis or native chemical ligation.

Intermediate compounds are disclosed for making incretin analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In addition, methods are disclosed for making incretin analogs by coupling from two to four of the intermediate compounds herein via hybrid liquid solid phase synthesis or native chemical ligation.

The invention discloses a method for improving triboelectric output performance of a protein film by changing a protein structure. Indissolvable protein powder and a trace amount of another protein powder are co-dissolved in a strong alkaline aqueous solution and maintained for a period of time, and then acidifying treatment is performed to achieve neutral condition to allow charge redistribution to induce refolding of the protein, which results in burying of hydrophobic groups of the protein and exposure of charged groups. Therefore, the solubility of the protein is remarkably improved, and a uniform protein solution is formed under a neutral condition. The plant protein structure is changed through a pH cycle process, a surface group exposure condition is adjusted, and the output performance of the plant protein film is greatly improved.

The invention discloses a method for improving triboelectric output performance of a protein film by changing a protein structure. Indissolvable protein powder and a trace amount of another protein powder are co-dissolved in a strong alkaline aqueous solution and maintained for a period of time, and then acidifying treatment is performed to achieve neutral condition to allow charge redistribution to induce refolding of the protein, which results in burying of hydrophobic groups of the protein and exposure of charged groups. Therefore, the solubility of the protein is remarkably improved, and a uniform protein solution is formed under a neutral condition. The plant protein structure is changed through a pH cycle process, a surface group exposure condition is adjusted, and the output performance of the plant protein film is greatly improved.

Provided is a novel method whereby an amide compound can be produced by highly stereoselectively and efficiently performing amidation between a plurality of amino acids and/or peptides. A compound of general formula (3) is synthesized by forming an amide bond between the carboxyl group on the right side of general formula (1) in a compound represented thereby and the amino group on the left side of general formula (2) in a compound represented thereby, in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst and a silylating agent [in formulae (1), (2) and (3), each symbol has the same meaning as defined in claims]. ##STR00001##

Provided is a novel method whereby an amide compound can be produced by highly stereoselectively and efficiently performing amidation between a plurality of amino acids and/or peptides. A compound of general formula (3) is synthesized by forming an amide bond between the carboxyl group on the right side of general formula (1) in a compound represented thereby and the amino group on the left side of general formula (2) in a compound represented thereby, in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst and a silylating agent [in formulae (1), (2) and (3), each symbol has the same meaning as defined in claims]. ##STR00001##

The present inventors found that, in the synthesis of a peptide compound involving condensation of a C-terminal-activated substance of an acid component with an amine component, the C-terminal-activated substance can be removed by mixing a solution containing a residual C-terminal-activated substance after a condensation reaction with a tertiary amine and water or an aqueous solution.

The present inventors found that, in the synthesis of a peptide compound involving condensation of a C-terminal-activated substance of an acid component with an amine component, the C-terminal-activated substance can be removed by mixing a solution containing a residual C-terminal-activated substance after a condensation reaction with a tertiary amine and water or an aqueous solution.

It was found that a salt formed of an acid and a base having characteristics set forth below can inactivate a deprotecting agent, thereby suppressing redundant peptide elongation: (i) the base is different in type from a base used as a deprotecting agent, and (ii) a conjugate acid of the base has a pKa smaller than that of a conjugate acid of a base used as a deprotecting agent.