The present invention provides processes and compounds for the preparation of glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist compounds that are useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

The present invention provides processes and compounds for the preparation of glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist compounds that are useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

The invention provides an amphiphilic coating for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, comprising a hydrophilic chemical structure and a lipophilic group, wherein said peptides and small molecular compounds differ from spot to spot from each other in the chemical structure, characterized in that said amphiphilic coating possesses low wettability to polar aprotic solvents used in the array synthesis; said amphiphilic coating possessing low wettability is designed that it can be converted to a coating possessing high wettability by hydrolysis of the lipophilic group; and said amphiphilic coating comprises an amino group for the reaction with an electrophilic reagent. The invention further provides a solid support comprising said amphiphilic coating and a method for method for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, wherein said planar surface of a solid support comprises said amphiphilic coating. Said method includes the enhancing of the wettability of a glass surface to organic solvents to realize automated on-demand biomolecular array synthesis comprising both, peptides and small molecular compounds. The amphiphilic surface can be switched to a hydrophilic surface, resulting in high density arrays suitable for protein- and cell-based screening.

Methods for the preparation of sample polypeptide fractions are described. Sample polypeptides may be isolated from any of a variety of sources, including biological and non-biological systems. Sample polypeptides may be coupled or conjugated to other molecules to permit characterization of the sample polypeptide fractions. Sample polypeptide fractions may be prepared for analysis by a polypeptide assay.

This invention is intended to discover a novel solvent that can be used as an alternative to toluene in the step of deprotection in the method of solid-phase nucleic acid synthesis. With the use of such novel solvent, various problems caused by the use of toluene are dissolved. This invention is also intended to provide a method of solid-phase nucleic acid synthesis in which protected nucleoside phosphoramidites in which a protective group is bonded to a hydroxyl group at the 5′position or the 3′ position of a nucleoside are sequentially bound on a solid phase carrier, where a reaction of removing the protecting group from the protected nucleoside phosphoramidite is carried out in a solution comprising an acid with a pKa of 0.2 to 0.8 and acetonitrile.

The invention provides a method for the cleavage of Fmoc group characterized by using a solution comprising 3-(diethylamino)propylamine. In particular, it provides a method for the preparation of peptides in solid phase wherein Fmoc protected amino acids are used and the Fmoc group is cleaved by a solution comprising 3-(diethylamino)propylamine.

Methods of producing a peptide containing an N-substituted amino acid or N-substituted amino acid analog of the present invention include the steps of: preparing an Fmoc-protected amino acid, an Fmoc-protected amino acid analog, or an Fmoc-protected peptide; deprotecting a protecting group which have an Fmoc skeleton of the Fmoc-protected amino acid and such by using a base; and forming an amide bond by adding a new Fmoc-protected amino acid and such; and when the peptide is produced by a solid-phase method, the obtained peptide is cleaved off from the solid phase under conditions of weaker acidity than TFA. Furthermore, at least one side chain of the obtained peptide has a protecting group that is not deprotected under basic conditions and is deprotected under conditions of weaker acidity than TFA.

A bio-nanocompound incorporating metal oxide particles as substrate, an amino organosilane as linker, a dialdehyde as crosslinking agent and a nucleation agent that utilizes ice nucleating activity to create ice on low energy demand at temperatures down to 0° C. and extend cold chains without increasing energy consumption, wherein even the first application is capable of freezing to different shapes and volumes; a method for producing the bio-nanocompound by self-assembly technique, by mixing the substrate, immobilizing the linker on the substrate, immobilizing the crosslinker on the linker and immobilizing by covalent bonding nucleating agent on the crosslinker; and a coolant having the bio-nanocompound.

A bio-nanocompound incorporating metal oxide particles as substrate, an amino organosilane as linker, a dialdehyde as crosslinking agent and a nucleation agent that utilizes ice nucleating activity to create ice on low energy demand at temperatures down to 0° C. and extend cold chains without increasing energy consumption, wherein even the first application is capable of freezing to different shapes and volumes; a method for producing the bio-nanocompound by self-assembly technique, by mixing the substrate, immobilizing the linker on the substrate, immobilizing the crosslinker on the linker and immobilizing by covalent bonding nucleating agent on the crosslinker; and a coolant having the bio-nanocompound.

An elongate solid phase body suitable for performing solid phase synthesis. The solid phase body includes a plurality of enclosures formed of a material of a chemically inert mesh and, within each enclosure, a plurality of solid phase beads.