The present technology generally relates to peptides that bind to the growth hormone receptor (GhR), to peptides that bind to the GhR and have antagonistic activity, and to compositions comprising such peptides.

Methods of producing a peptide containing an N-substituted amino acid or N-substituted amino acid analog of the present invention include the steps of: preparing an Fmoc-protected amino acid, an Fmoc-protected amino acid analog, or an Fmoc-protected peptide; deprotecting a protecting group which have an Fmoc skeleton of the Fmoc-protected amino acid and such by using a base; and forming an amide bond by adding a new Fmoc-protected amino acid and such; and when the peptide is produced by a solid-phase method, the obtained peptide is cleaved off from the solid phase under conditions of weaker acidity than TFA. Furthermore, at least one side chain of the obtained peptide has a protecting group that is not deprotected under basic conditions and is deprotected under conditions of weaker acidity than TFA.

The present invention relates to multimers of polypeptides which are covalently bound to molecular scaffolds such that two or more peptide loops are subtended between attachment points to the scaffold. The invention also describes the multimerization of polypeptides through various chemical linkers and hinges of various lengths and rigidity using different sites of attachments within polypeptides. In particular, the invention describes multimers of peptides which are high affinity binders and activators of CD137. The invention also includes drug conjugates comprising said peptides, conjugated to one or more effector and/or functional groups, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said peptide ligands and drug conjugates and to the use of said peptide ligands and drug conjugates in preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by CD137.

The present invention relates to multimers of polypeptides which are covalently bound to molecular scaffolds such that two or more peptide loops are subtended between attachment points to the scaffold. The invention also describes the multimerization of polypeptides through various chemical linkers and hinges of various lengths and rigidity using different sites of attachments within polypeptides. In particular, the invention describes multimers of peptides which are high affinity binders and activators of CD137. The invention also includes drug conjugates comprising said peptides, conjugated to one or more effector and/or functional groups, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said peptide ligands and drug conjugates and to the use of said peptide ligands and drug conjugates in preventing, suppressing or treating a disease or disorder mediated by CD137.

Cyclic peptides that inhibit MDM2 or MDM2 and MDM4, pharmaceutical compositions containing these cyclic peptides, and methods of using these cyclic peptides for inhibiting MDM2 or MDM2 and MDM4 are described herein.

Cyclic peptides that inhibit MDM2 or MDM2 and MDM4, pharmaceutical compositions containing these cyclic peptides, and methods of using these cyclic peptides for inhibiting MDM2 or MDM2 and MDM4 are described herein.

The present invention provides methods for producing peptide compounds. The inventors have found that a cyclic peptide compound can be produced efficiently by linking the N-terminal amino acid residue and the C-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide compound in a solvent containing one or more selected from the group consisting of water-immiscible solvents, water-soluble alkyl nitriles, and water-soluble ethers.

The present invention provides methods for producing peptide compounds. The inventors have found that a cyclic peptide compound can be produced efficiently by linking the N-terminal amino acid residue and the C-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide compound in a solvent containing one or more selected from the group consisting of water-immiscible solvents, water-soluble alkyl nitriles, and water-soluble ethers.

The subject invention provides methods and compositions for replacing chemical surfactants for use in a wide variety of industrial applications. More specifically, the subject invention provides for the production of multi-functional biological surface-active compositions having one or more precise functional characteristics based on the desired use.

The subject invention provides methods and compositions for replacing chemical surfactants for use in a wide variety of industrial applications. More specifically, the subject invention provides for the production of multi-functional biological surface-active compositions having one or more precise functional characteristics based on the desired use.