A conductive material dispersion containing a conductive material containing carbon fibers, a dispersant, and an amide-based organic solvent, in which the dispersant contains a copolymer A containing a nitrile group-containing structural unit and satisfies following conditions.

(I) A pH of the conductive material dispersion is 9.0 or greater.

(II) A phase angle of the conductive material dispersion at a frequency of 1 Hz obtained by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement is 19° or greater, and a complex elastic modulus of the conductive material dispersion obtained by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement is less than 20 Pa.

There is provided a method for treating a surface comprising heating the object and the object with a solution comprising a thermal initiator and a polymerizable molecule, wherein the polymerizable molecule reacts with the surface and forms a covalent bond and optionally a covalently bound polymer on the surface of the object. Metal ions are bound to the surface to make the surface possible for adding further metal later. Advantages include that complicated geometries can be coated, problems with oxygen inhibition of the initiator is reduced, and surface reaction to form covalent bonds is promoted compared to the bulk polymerization reaction.

The present invention provides a method of preparing a graft copolymer, which comprises graft emulsion polymerization of a diene-based rubber polymer with an aromatic vinyl-based monomer and a vinyl cyanide-based monomer in the presence of an azo-based initiator having a solubility in water at 20° C. of 10 g/100 g or more and a 10-hour half-life decomposition temperature in water of 80° C. or less, wherein the graft emulsion polymerization is initiated at 45 to 55° C. According to the present invention, a method of preparing a graft copolymer, which allows polymerization to be performed at low temperatures and ensures excellent polymerization stability, can be provided.

The present invention provides a method of preparing a graft copolymer, which comprises graft emulsion polymerization of a diene-based rubber polymer with an aromatic vinyl-based monomer and a vinyl cyanide-based monomer in the presence of an azo-based initiator having a solubility in water at 20° C. of 10 g/100 g or more and a 10-hour half-life decomposition temperature in water of 80° C. or less, wherein the graft emulsion polymerization is initiated at 45 to 55° C. According to the present invention, a method of preparing a graft copolymer, which allows polymerization to be performed at low temperatures and ensures excellent polymerization stability, can be provided.

A method to manufacture stable water-in-oil polymer emulsion with low viscosity by using special stabilizing surfactant package is disclosed.

An ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer may have an ethylene unit content of 1 mol % or more and less than 15 mol %, a saponification degree of 85 mol % or more and less than 99.9 mol %, and a viscosity-average degree of polymerization of 200 or more and less than 3000. The copolymer may contain a molecule containing a structure (I)

##STR00001##

Y being H or —CH.sub.3, at an end; and a molecule containing a structure (II)

##STR00002##

Z being H or —CH.sub.3, at an end, a total content of the structure (I) and the structure (II) in all monomer units is 0.001 mol % or more and less than 0.1 mol %, and a molar ratio R [I/(I+II)] of the structure (I) to the total of the structure (I) and the structure (II) satisfies formula (1):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}R<0.92-\mathrm{Et}/100,& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

Et being ethylene unit content (mol %).

An ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer may have an ethylene unit content of 1 mol % or more and less than 15 mol %, a saponification degree of 85 mol % or more and less than 99.9 mol %, and a viscosity-average degree of polymerization of 200 or more and less than 3000. The copolymer may contain a molecule containing a structure (I)

##STR00001##

Y being H or —CH.sub.3, at an end; and a molecule containing a structure (II)

##STR00002##

Z being H or —CH.sub.3, at an end, a total content of the structure (I) and the structure (II) in all monomer units is 0.001 mol % or more and less than 0.1 mol %, and a molar ratio R [I/(I+II)] of the structure (I) to the total of the structure (I) and the structure (II) satisfies formula (1):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}R<0.92-\mathrm{Et}/100,& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

Et being ethylene unit content (mol %).

Disclosed is an additive for imparting antimicrobial properties to a resin. The additive comprises a string polymer, at least one terminal of which has a positive charge, wherein the string polymer is a polymer containing structural units derived from a cationic polymerization initiator and a monomer containing a carbon-carbon double bond. By using this additive, it becomes possible to obtain an antibacterial resin molded body which can be prepared simply and inexpensively and which has high stability and safety.

Disclosed is an additive for imparting antimicrobial properties to a resin. The additive comprises a string polymer, at least one terminal of which has a positive charge, wherein the string polymer is a polymer containing structural units derived from a cationic polymerization initiator and a monomer containing a carbon-carbon double bond. By using this additive, it becomes possible to obtain an antibacterial resin molded body which can be prepared simply and inexpensively and which has high stability and safety.

A softening agent composition including (1) a silicone polymer, (2) a water-repellent polymer, (3) an emulsifier, and (4) a liquid medium that is water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent. Also disclosed is a method for producing the softening agent composition which includes producing a water-repellent polymer by polymerizing, in the presence of the silicone polymer, a monomer that constitutes the water-repellent polymer. The water-repellent polymer may be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing polymers and non-fluorine-containing polymers. Also disclosed is a method for treating a substrate with the softening agent composition and a substrate treated with the softening agent composition.