A process for forming an epoxidized rubber including dissolving a rubber in a solvent and epoxidizing the rubber in the presence of an epoxidation reagent. The solvent is selected such that the rubber is soluble therein but the epoxidized rubber precipitates.

An iodine complex is formed by complexing a unit having a structure as represented by formula (I) with iodine molecules or iodine molecules with polyiodide ions formed by combining iodine ions. As a carrier, a polymer is complexed with iodine to obtain an iodine complex for formula (I). ##STR00001## The iodine complex can be used as a radioactive marker, or used in an iodine therapeutic agent, or used in a polarizer. The polymer carrier has good biocompatibility. The content of iodine in the iodine complex can be adjusted according to requirements, and the content of the iodine can be adjusted within a range of 0.001-60%. The difference in the content of the iodine can affect the transmission clarity of the iodine complex as a radiographic marker.

A process for producing a crosslinked polymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A process for producing a hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer having hydroxyl groups in endo configurations may be produced thereby.

A process for producing a crosslinked polymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A process for producing a hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer having hydroxyl groups in endo configurations may be produced thereby.

A process for producing a crosslinked polymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A process for producing a hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer involves contacting an epoxidized unsaturated isoolefin copolymer with a catalytic amount of an acid in an absence of a solvent. A hydroxylated unsaturated isoolefin copolymer having hydroxyl groups in endo configurations may be produced thereby.

A process for epoxidation of an unsaturated polymer involves mixing an unsaturated polymer and a peroxy acid in an absence of solvent to produce an epoxidized polymer. The process may require no solvent, require no catalyst, require no or little applied external heat input, require no applied cooling, require less epoxidation agent, be faster and/or result in more efficient conversion of the unsaturated polymer.

A process for epoxidation of an unsaturated polymer involves mixing an unsaturated polymer and a peroxy acid in an absence of solvent to produce an epoxidized polymer. The process may require no solvent, require no catalyst, require no or little applied external heat input, require no applied cooling, require less epoxidation agent, be faster and/or result in more efficient conversion of the unsaturated polymer.

In some aspects, the disclosure relates to thermoset polymeric compositions consisting of functional bio-based epoxies and/or their derivatives (e.g. epoxidized vegetable oil(s)), along with carboxyl functional acrylics and/or polyesters. When cured, example compositions yield high performance products suitable for composite, coating, adhesive, sealant, and/or elastomer applications. When used in stone composite formulations with suitable fillers like quartz and titanium dioxide, example products have high hardness, very low water absorption, and high mechanical strength along with stain, chemical, and heat resistance. When used in coating formulations, example cured films have excellent adhesion, high gloss, clarity, toughness, low water absorption, solvent and chemical resistance, flexibility, and impact resistance without compromising hardness. Coating formulation properties may also include exterior durability. The composition properties may be selectively modified to hard, soft, tough, or elastomeric by selecting the appropriate stoichiometry and type of functional resin to react with epoxy(ies)/derivative(s).

In some aspects, the disclosure relates to thermoset polymeric compositions consisting of functional bio-based epoxies and/or their derivatives (e.g. epoxidized vegetable oil(s)), along with carboxyl functional acrylics and/or polyesters. When cured, example compositions yield high performance products suitable for composite, coating, adhesive, sealant, and/or elastomer applications. When used in stone composite formulations with suitable fillers like quartz and titanium dioxide, example products have high hardness, very low water absorption, and high mechanical strength along with stain, chemical, and heat resistance. When used in coating formulations, example cured films have excellent adhesion, high gloss, clarity, toughness, low water absorption, solvent and chemical resistance, flexibility, and impact resistance without compromising hardness. Coating formulation properties may also include exterior durability. The composition properties may be selectively modified to hard, soft, tough, or elastomeric by selecting the appropriate stoichiometry and type of functional resin to react with epoxy(ies)/derivative(s).

A process for producing an allylic alcohol functionalized butyl rubber involves contacting an epoxidized butyl rubber with benzoic acid, an analogue of benzoic acid or a C1-C7 alkanoic acid. The process and a polymer compound comprising the epoxidized butyl rubber and the benzoic acid, analogue of benzoic acid or a C1-C7 alkanoic acid provide a cost effective route to a polar functionalized butyl rubber, particularly to butyl rubber comprising allylic alcohol functional groups.