The present invention provides a catalyst for an addition reaction of alkylene oxide, the catalyst comprises a nanocomposite ion-exchange resin having a structural formula of P-Im.sup.+-M.sup.−, wherein P is a nanocomposite resin matrix, Im.sup.+ is a cation derived from 5-6 membered heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom such as imidazolium cation, pyrazolium cation, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation, piperazinium cation, pyrimidinium cation, pyrazinium cation, pyridazinium cation, triazinium cation, and M.sup.− is an anion. The catalyst of the present invention can be used in the addition reaction of alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The catalyst has high wear resistance, high swelling resistance, and high activity. The products after the reaction are easy to separate, and the catalyst can be used continuously many times.

The present invention provides a catalyst for an addition reaction of alkylene oxide, the catalyst comprises a nanocomposite ion-exchange resin having a structural formula of P-Im.sup.+-M.sup.−, wherein P is a nanocomposite resin matrix, Im.sup.+ is a cation derived from 5-6 membered heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom such as imidazolium cation, pyrazolium cation, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation, piperazinium cation, pyrimidinium cation, pyrazinium cation, pyridazinium cation, triazinium cation, and M.sup.− is an anion. The catalyst of the present invention can be used in the addition reaction of alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The catalyst has high wear resistance, high swelling resistance, and high activity. The products after the reaction are easy to separate, and the catalyst can be used continuously many times.

Antimicrobial compositions and methods for depositing or coating the antimicrobial or antibacterial compositions on a substrate to prevent microbial adhesion are provided. The antimicrobial composition may include a cationic polymer having a poly-allylamine backbone. A portion of the poly-allylamine backbone may be functionalized with at least one of a guanidine functional group and a biguanide functional group.

Antimicrobial compositions and methods for depositing or coating the antimicrobial or antibacterial compositions on a substrate to prevent microbial adhesion are provided. The antimicrobial composition may include a cationic polymer having a poly-allylamine backbone. A portion of the poly-allylamine backbone may be functionalized with at least one of a guanidine functional group and a biguanide functional group.

A composition for forming a resist underlayer film that enables the formation of a desired resist pattern; and a method for producing a resist pattern and a method for producing a semiconductor device, each of which uses the composition for forming a resist underlayer film. The composition for forming an EUV resist underlayer film has a basic organic group substituted with a protective group on a side chain of a (meth)acrylic polymer and further includes a solvent, but does not include a polymer other than said (meth)acrylic polymer. The organic group is an acyloxy group that has an amino group substituted with a protective group, or that has a nitrogen-containing heterocycle substituted with a protective group.

Formamide group-containing monomers and polymers made by polymerizing the monomers are provided. Also provided are methods of polymerizing the monomers and methods of synthesizing functionalized polymers by pre- and/or post-polymerization functionalization. The monomers are non-toxic and can generate highly reactive isocyanate and isonitrile precursors in a one-pot synthesis that enables the incorporation of complex functionalities into the side-chain of the polymers that are synthesized from the monomers.

Formamide group-containing monomers and polymers made by polymerizing the monomers are provided. Also provided are methods of polymerizing the monomers and methods of synthesizing functionalized polymers by pre- and/or post-polymerization functionalization. The monomers are non-toxic and can generate highly reactive isocyanate and isonitrile precursors in a one-pot synthesis that enables the incorporation of complex functionalities into the side-chain of the polymers that are synthesized from the monomers.

Provided herein are various examples of a method of coupling oligonucleotides to a polymer. The method may include selectively irradiating first inactive moieties in a one or more first region of a polymer with light, while not irradiating second inactive moieties in a one or more second region of the polymer, to generate first active moieties in the one or more first region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the first active moieties to first oligonucleotides. The method may further include irradiating the second inactive moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer with light to generate second active moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the second active moieties to second oligonucleotides.

Provided herein are various examples of a method of coupling oligonucleotides to a polymer. The method may include selectively irradiating first inactive moieties in a one or more first region of a polymer with light, while not irradiating second inactive moieties in a one or more second region of the polymer, to generate first active moieties in the one or more first region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the first active moieties to first oligonucleotides. The method may further include irradiating the second inactive moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer with light to generate second active moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the second active moieties to second oligonucleotides.

The present invention relates to aqueous acrylic polymer latexes, which are suitable as binders in coating compositions for providing flexible roofing. The present invention also relates to coating compositions containing such binders, which are suitable for providing flexible roofing. The aqueous acrylic polymer latexes have a glass transition temperature T.sub.g of at most from −10° C., in particular at most −20° C., or, in case of a multi-stage polymer latex a weight average glass transition temperature T.sub.g of at most from −10° C., where the polymer of the acrylic polymer latex has a carbon polymer backbone formed by polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomers M comprising acrylic monomers, and where the carbon polymer backbone bears functional groups of the formula (I) attached to carbon atoms of the polymer backbone *—C(═O)—O-[A-NH].sub.nH (I) where the asterisk indicates the atom attached to a carbon atom of the polymer backbone, n is an integer, the number average of n in all functional groups of the formula (I) being >1, in particular at least 1.1 or at least 1.2 or at least 1.3, and A is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethandiyl or 1,2-propandiyl, where the functional groups of the formula (I) contribute to the total weight of the polymer in the acrylic polymer latex by 0.1 to 10% by weight.