The invention provides for the use of a copolymer, comprising a) 0.1 to 10 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from vinylphosphonic acid or of a salt thereof, b) 40 to 80 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from compounds of the formula (1) ##STR00001## c) 1 to 50 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from compounds of the formula (5) ##STR00002## in which X is OH or NR.sup.3R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, independently of one another, are H or C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl,
for the inhibition and/or dispersion of inorganic sulphide scales, and for a process for the inhibition and/or dispersion of inorganic sulphide scales, the process comprising adding to water being within an oil or gas containing formation said copolymer.

The invention provides for the use of a copolymer, comprising a) 0.1 to 10 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from vinylphosphonic acid or of a salt thereof, b) 40 to 80 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from compounds of the formula (1) ##STR00001## c) 1 to 50 mol-%, based on the weight of the copolymer, of structural units derived from compounds of the formula (5) ##STR00002## in which X is OH or NR.sup.3R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, independently of one another, are H or C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl,
for the inhibition and/or dispersion of inorganic sulphide scales, and for a process for the inhibition and/or dispersion of inorganic sulphide scales, the process comprising adding to water being within an oil or gas containing formation said copolymer.

A system for precision polymerization is disclosed comprising at least one Michael-type monomer and a metal compound MR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 as sole catalyst and initiator, wherein M is aluminum, gallium or indium, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 independently is CI, F, I, Br, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkinyl, heterocycloalkinyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, silyl, metallocenyl, nitro, nitroso, hydroxy, or carboxyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy group independently has up to 12 carbon atoms, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl independently has 5 to 14 ring atoms, wherein any hetero group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkinyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy group can be substituted by 1 up to the highest possible number of halogen atoms, or at least one electron-donating or electron-withdrawing group; with the proviso that not all three groups R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy or wherein two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 together with M form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group having 3 to 6 atoms, wherein a heterocyclic group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; as well as processes for preparing polymers and the polymers obtained therewith.

A system for precision polymerization is disclosed comprising at least one Michael-type monomer and a metal compound MR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3 as sole catalyst and initiator, wherein M is aluminum, gallium or indium, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 independently is CI, F, I, Br, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkinyl, heterocycloalkinyl, linear, branched, or cyclic alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, silyl, metallocenyl, nitro, nitroso, hydroxy, or carboxyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy group independently has up to 12 carbon atoms, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl independently has 5 to 14 ring atoms, wherein any hetero group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl or alkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkinyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy group can be substituted by 1 up to the highest possible number of halogen atoms, or at least one electron-donating or electron-withdrawing group; with the proviso that not all three groups R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are halogen, hydroxy, or alkoxy or wherein two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 together with M form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group having 3 to 6 atoms, wherein a heterocyclic group has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N; as well as processes for preparing polymers and the polymers obtained therewith.

The present disclosure provides a composite particle that includes: a fluorescent semiconductor core/shell nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal); and a stabilizing homo-copolymer combined with the core/shell nanoparticle, the stabilizing (co)polymer comprising styrene monomer units and functionalized with phosphine, arsine or stibine groups.

The present disclosure provides a composite particle that includes: a fluorescent semiconductor core/shell nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal); and a stabilizing homo-copolymer combined with the core/shell nanoparticle, the stabilizing (co)polymer comprising styrene monomer units and functionalized with phosphine, arsine or stibine groups.

A method of making a phosphono-phosphate compound is disclosed. The method involves a first step of mixing a first component comprising a phosphonic acid, a phosphonate or mixtures thereof, with a second component comprising a source of phosphoric acid or phosphate. The mixture has a molar phosphorous ratio of the first component to the second component of from 1:1 to 1:10. The second step involves either physically or chemically dehydrating the mixture to produce a phosphono-phosphate compound.

A method of making a phosphono-phosphate compound is disclosed. The method involves a first step of mixing a first component comprising a phosphonic acid, a phosphonate or mixtures thereof, with a second component comprising a source of phosphoric acid or phosphate. The mixture has a molar phosphorous ratio of the first component to the second component of from 1:1 to 1:10. The second step involves either physically or chemically dehydrating the mixture to produce a phosphono-phosphate compound.

Disclosed are oral care compositions of novel phosphono-phosphate and anionic group containing polymer compositions that have targeted uses with divalent cations and surfaces having divalent cations. These compounds can be used to deliver anionic character to surfaces such as calcium hydroxyapatite for use in oral care applications.

Disclosed are novel phosphono-phosphate compounds, monomers, and polymer compositions that have targeted uses with divalent cations and surfaces having divalent cations. These compounds can be used to deliver actives to surfaces such as calcium hydroxyapatite.