Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

A poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA)-(NH.sub.4).sub.2MoO.sub.4), gel polymer electrolyte can be prepared by incorporating redox-mediated Mo, or similar metal, into a PVPA, or similar polymer, matrix. Gel polymer electrolytes including PVPA/MoX, x representing the percent fraction Mo in PVPA, can be used to make supercapacitors including active carbon electrodes. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. Devices including this gel electrolyte can have a specific capacitance (Cs) of 1276 F/g, i.e., a more than 50-fold increase relative to a PVPA system without Mo. A PVPA/Mo10 supercapacitor can have an energy density of 180.2 Wh/kg at power density of 500 W/kg, and devices with this hydrogel structure may maintain 85+% of their initial capacitance performance after 2300 charge-discharge cycles.

A poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA)-(NH.sub.4).sub.2MoO.sub.4), gel polymer electrolyte can be prepared by incorporating redox-mediated Mo, or similar metal, into a PVPA, or similar polymer, matrix. Gel polymer electrolytes including PVPA/MoX, x representing the percent fraction Mo in PVPA, can be used to make supercapacitors including active carbon electrodes. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. Devices including this gel electrolyte can have a specific capacitance (Cs) of 1276 F/g, i.e., a more than 50-fold increase relative to a PVPA system without Mo. A PVPA/Mo10 supercapacitor can have an energy density of 180.2 Wh/kg at power density of 500 W/kg, and devices with this hydrogel structure may maintain 85+% of their initial capacitance performance after 2300 charge-discharge cycles.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

A method for producing a polyvinylphosphonic acid copolymer may control a rise in internal temperature in the reaction system during polymerization and may allow synthesis of a copolymer as a polymer solution. A method for producing a polyvinylphosphonic acid copolymer may include polymerizing a compound of formula (1) and a compound of formula (2) in presence of a radical polymerization initiator and in a water-containing solvent: ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently —OH, —O.sup.−, or —O.sup.−M.sup.+ (M.sup.+ being a counter ion), R.sup.3 is —OH, —O.sup.−, —O.sup.−M.sup.+, or an optionally substituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (M.sup.+ being a counter ion), and R.sup.4 is an optionally substituted alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 optionally forming a ring together with an adjacent phosphorus atom when both R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are alkoxy groups.