Medical instrument including a substrate using a fluorine-containing cyclic olefin polymer containing a structural unit represented by General Formula (1), in which the substrate has one surface where the substrate comes into contact with cells, and the substrate is provided with a convex-concave structure on the one surface, a ratio (L1/L2) of a width (L1) between convexities formed by the convex-concave structure and a maximum diameter (L2) of inoculated cells per cell in the cells is 1 to 300, and the cells do not adhere to or attach to the one surface provided with the convex-concave structure and the medical instrument promotes cell proliferation.

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are defined.

Medical instrument including a substrate using a fluorine-containing cyclic olefin polymer containing a structural unit represented by General Formula (1), in which the substrate has one surface where the substrate comes into contact with cells, and the substrate is provided with a convex-concave structure on the one surface, a ratio (L1/L2) of a width (L1) between convexities formed by the convex-concave structure and a maximum diameter (L2) of inoculated cells per cell in the cells is 1 to 300, and the cells do not adhere to or attach to the one surface provided with the convex-concave structure and the medical instrument promotes cell proliferation.

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are defined.

Embodiments encompassing a series of compositions containing polymers of norbornadiene and maleic anhydride monomers which are useful in forming a variety of photopatternable structures are disclosed and claimed. The compositions are useful as permanent dielectric materials. More specifically, embodiments encompassing compositions containing a series of ter- and tetrapolymers of a variety of norbornadiene, maleic anhydride, maleimide and norbornene-type cycloolefinic monomers in which maleic anhydride is fully or partially hydrolyzed (i.e., ring opened and fully or partially esterified), and a photoactive compound are disclosed, which are useful in forming permanent dielectric materials having utility in a variety of electronic material applications, among various other uses.

Embodiments encompassing a series of compositions containing polymers of norbornadiene and maleic anhydride monomers which are useful in forming a variety of photopatternable structures are disclosed and claimed. The compositions are useful as permanent dielectric materials. More specifically, embodiments encompassing compositions containing a series of ter- and tetrapolymers of a variety of norbornadiene, maleic anhydride, maleimide and norbornene-type cycloolefinic monomers in which maleic anhydride is fully or partially hydrolyzed (i.e., ring opened and fully or partially esterified), and a photoactive compound are disclosed, which are useful in forming permanent dielectric materials having utility in a variety of electronic material applications, among various other uses.

According to an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition including a resin (A) including a repeating unit (a1) having a partial structure in which a phenolic hydroxy group is protected with a structure represented by a formula (1) below, a pattern in which generation of defects is suppressed can be formed:

##STR00001##

wherein X represents a halogen atom or an electron-withdrawing group, R.sub.1 represents a hydroxy group or an organic group, k represents an integer of 0 to 3, n represents an integer of 0 to (4+2k), m represents an integer of 1 to (5+2k), satisfying a relationship of 1(n+m)(5+2k), and a plurality of R.sub.1's and X's may be the same or different according to an integer of n and m respectively, and * represents a bonding site to an oxygen atom of the phenolic hydroxy group.

Embodiments encompassing a series of compositions containing polymers of norbornadiene and maleic anhydride monomers which are useful in forming a variety of photopatternable structures are disclosed and claimed. The compositions are useful as permanent dielectric materials. More specifically, embodiments encompassing compositions containing a series of ter- and tetrapolymers of a variety of norbornadiene, maleic anhydride, maleimide and norbornene-type cycloolefinic monomers in which maleic anhydride is fully or partially hydrolyzed (i.e., ring opened and fully or partially esterified), and a photoactive compound are disclosed, which are useful in forming permanent dielectric materials having utility in a variety of electronic material applications, among various other uses.

Embodiments encompassing a series of compositions containing polymers of norbornadiene and maleic anhydride monomers which are useful in forming a variety of photopatternable structures are disclosed and claimed. The compositions are useful as permanent dielectric materials. More specifically, embodiments encompassing compositions containing a series of ter- and tetrapolymers of a variety of norbornadiene, maleic anhydride, maleimide and norbornene-type cycloolefinic monomers in which maleic anhydride is fully or partially hydrolyzed (i.e., ring opened and fully or partially esterified), and a photoactive compound are disclosed, which are useful in forming permanent dielectric materials having utility in a variety of electronic material applications, among various other uses.

An oligomer, composition, and composite material employing the same are provided. The oligomer has a structure represented by Formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-20 alkyl group, C.sub.2-20 alkenyl group, C.sub.6-12 aryl group, C.sub.6-12 alkylaryl group, C.sub.5-12 cycloalkyl group, C.sub.6-20 cycloalkylalkyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, or alkylcarbonyloxy group; R.sup.1 is not hydrogen when R.sup.2 is hydrogen; a is 0 or 1; n0; m1; n:m is from 0:100 to 99:1; the oligomer has a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to 12,000; and the repeat unit

##STR00002##

and the repeat unit

##STR00003##

are arranged in a random or block fashion.

An ion exchange membrane is provided. The ion exchange membrane includes a reaction product of a polymer and a cross-linking reagent. The polymer includes a first repeat unit, and a second repeat unit. In particular, the first repeat unit is ##STR00001##
and, the second repeat unit is ##STR00002##
wherein R.sup.+ is ##STR00003##
A.sup. is F.sup., Cl.sup., Br.sup., I.sup., OH.sup., HCO.sub.3.sup., HSO.sub.4.sup., SbF.sub.6.sup., BF.sub.4.sup., H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup., H.sub.2PO.sub.3.sup., or H.sub.2PO.sub.2.sup.; X is CH.sub.2.sub.iYCH.sub.2.sub.j, i and j are independently 0, or an integer from 1 to 4; Y is O, S, CH.sub.2, or NH; R.sup.1 is independently C.sub.1-8 alkyl group; and, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are hydrogen, or independently C.sub.1-8 alkyl group; and, the cross-linking reagent is a compound having at least two imide groups.

Embodiments encompassing a series of compositions containing polymers of norbornadiene and maleic anhydride monomers which are useful in forming a variety of photopatternable structures are disclosed and claimed. The compositions are useful as permanent dielectric materials. More specifically, embodiments encompassing compositions containing a series of ter- and tetrapolymers of a variety of norbornadiene, maleic anhydride, maleimide and norbornene-type cycloolefinic monomers in which maleic anhydride is fully or partially hydrolyzed (i.e., ring opened and fully or partially esterified), and a photoactive compound are disclosed, which are useful in forming permanent dielectric materials having utility in a variety of electronic material applications, among various other uses.