A thin-film all-organic electrochemical device is disclosed. The device includes one or more polymer chains. Each of the one or more polymer chains has reducing functional groups, oxidizing functional groups, and ionically conducting functional groups. The ionically conducting functional groups are disposed in between the reducing functional groups and the oxidizing functional groups. The device may produce a potential greater than 5 volts.

A thin-film all-organic electrochemical device is disclosed. The device includes one or more polymer chains. Each of the one or more polymer chains has reducing functional groups, oxidizing functional groups, and ionically conducting functional groups. The ionically conducting functional groups are disposed in between the reducing functional groups and the oxidizing functional groups. The device may produce a potential greater than 5 volts.

A method of forming a graphene nanoribbon includes: 1) providing monomeric precursors each including an alkyne moiety and at least one aromatic moiety bonded to the alkyne moiety; 2) polymerizing the monomeric precursors to form a polymer; and 3) converting the polymer to a graphene nanoribbon.

A method of forming a graphene nanoribbon includes: 1) providing monomeric precursors each including an alkyne moiety and at least one aromatic moiety bonded to the alkyne moiety; 2) polymerizing the monomeric precursors to form a polymer; and 3) converting the polymer to a graphene nanoribbon.

A sensor can include a conductive region in electrical communication with at least two electrodes, the conductive region can include a composite of a polymer and SWCNTs immobilized onto a substrate. In certain embodiment, a linker can be grafted on the substrate. The linker can connect the substrate and the composite of the polymer and SWCNTs. In certain embodiments, the linker can covalently bond the polymer to the substrate. In certain embodiments, metal nanoparticles or ions can be incorporated as a metal sensitizer to confer further selectivity or sensitivity to the device. In certain embodiments, the polymer can act as a ligand for a variety of metal ions. By incorporating a specific metal ion, the sensor can selectively detect a specific analyte. In certain embodiments, the composite of the polymer and SWCNTs can be functionalized. In certain embodiments, the composite can further include a sensing element.

A sensor can include a conductive region in electrical communication with at least two electrodes, the conductive region can include a composite of a polymer and SWCNTs immobilized onto a substrate. In certain embodiment, a linker can be grafted on the substrate. The linker can connect the substrate and the composite of the polymer and SWCNTs. In certain embodiments, the linker can covalently bond the polymer to the substrate. In certain embodiments, metal nanoparticles or ions can be incorporated as a metal sensitizer to confer further selectivity or sensitivity to the device. In certain embodiments, the polymer can act as a ligand for a variety of metal ions. By incorporating a specific metal ion, the sensor can selectively detect a specific analyte. In certain embodiments, the composite of the polymer and SWCNTs can be functionalized. In certain embodiments, the composite can further include a sensing element.

A diacetylene-based lyotropic liquid crystal mixture according to an embodiment includes by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2. The lyotropic liquid crystal mixture may be prepared by synthesizing an [X]—C—R.sub.m-[D]-R.sub.n compound, synthesizing an [A.sup.+X.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound, and synthesizing an [A.sup.+B.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound. A thin polarizing film may be prepared through simple coating of a lyotropic liquid crystal mixture prepared by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide.

A diacetylene-based lyotropic liquid crystal mixture according to an embodiment includes by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2. The lyotropic liquid crystal mixture may be prepared by synthesizing an [X]—C—R.sub.m-[D]-R.sub.n compound, synthesizing an [A.sup.+X.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound, and synthesizing an [A.sup.+B.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound. A thin polarizing film may be prepared through simple coating of a lyotropic liquid crystal mixture prepared by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide.

A diacetylene-based lyotropic liquid crystal mixture according to an embodiment includes by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2. The lyotropic liquid crystal mixture may be prepared by synthesizing an [X]—C—R.sub.m-[D]-R.sub.n compound, synthesizing an [A.sup.+X.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound, and synthesizing an [A.sup.+B.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound. A thin polarizing film may be prepared through simple coating of a lyotropic liquid crystal mixture prepared by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide.

A diacetylene-based lyotropic liquid crystal mixture according to an embodiment includes by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2. The lyotropic liquid crystal mixture may be prepared by synthesizing an [X]—C—R.sub.m-[D]-R.sub.n compound, synthesizing an [A.sup.+X.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound, and synthesizing an [A.sup.+B.sup.−]—C—R.sub.m-D-R.sub.n compound. A thin polarizing film may be prepared through simple coating of a lyotropic liquid crystal mixture prepared by mixing diacetylene-based compounds containing iodide and triiodide.