Diffractive optical element includes two resin layers stacked on first substrate. One of the two resin layers is cured article of first resin containing thiol group and sulfide group, the cured article having diffraction grating shape. The other is cured article of second resin, the cured article having diffraction grating shape. When measurement is performed by laser Raman spectroscopy, α<β, where α is the ratio of the intensity of peak corresponding to the sulfide group to the intensity of peak corresponding to the thiol group in first region containing no interface between the cured articles of the first and second resins, and β is the ratio of the intensity of peak corresponding to the sulfide group to the intensity of peak corresponding to the thiol group in second region containing the interface.

Diffractive optical element includes two resin layers stacked on first substrate. One of the two resin layers is cured article of first resin containing thiol group and sulfide group, the cured article having diffraction grating shape. The other is cured article of second resin, the cured article having diffraction grating shape. When measurement is performed by laser Raman spectroscopy, α<β, where α is the ratio of the intensity of peak corresponding to the sulfide group to the intensity of peak corresponding to the thiol group in first region containing no interface between the cured articles of the first and second resins, and β is the ratio of the intensity of peak corresponding to the sulfide group to the intensity of peak corresponding to the thiol group in second region containing the interface.

The present disclosure relates to the field of drilling fluid, and particularly relates to an ionic liquid shale inhibitor for drilling fluid, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: subjecting the imidazole-based ionic liquid to a polymerization reaction in water environment under an inert atmosphere, the produced polymer is used as an ionic liquid shale inhibitor for drilling fluid. The ionic liquid shale inhibitor for drilling fluid has the advantages of desirable inhibition effect, good compatibility, strong high-temperature resistance, simple preparation method and low cost.

The present invention relates to compositions comprising aversive agent. More specifically, the present invention relates to polymer composite compositions comprising such agents and application thereof.

The present invention relates to compositions comprising aversive agent. More specifically, the present invention relates to polymer composite compositions comprising such agents and application thereof.

The invention provides a method for preparation of homopolymers and non-homopolymers comprising polymerizing in an aqueous medium a monomer comprising at least one acryloyl moiety and at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized lactam moiety, and optionally at least one hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomer, in the presence of at least one chain transfer agent and at least one non-radiation initiator. Exemplary diblock polymers prepared by the method have the structure: ##STR00001## ##STR00002##
where subscripts x, y, and z and variables R, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are described herein.

The invention provides a method for preparation of homopolymers and non-homopolymers comprising polymerizing in an aqueous medium a monomer comprising at least one acryloyl moiety and at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized lactam moiety, and optionally at least one hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomer, in the presence of at least one chain transfer agent and at least one non-radiation initiator. Exemplary diblock polymers prepared by the method have the structure: ##STR00001## ##STR00002##
where subscripts x, y, and z and variables R, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are described herein.

The invention provides a method for preparation of homopolymers and non-homopolymers comprising polymerizing in an aqueous medium a monomer comprising at least one acryloyl moiety and at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized lactam moiety, and optionally at least one hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomer, in the presence of at least one chain transfer agent and at least one non-radiation initiator. Exemplerary diblock polymers prepared by the method have the structure:

##STR00001## ##STR00002##

where subscripts x, y, and z and variables R, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are described herein.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel sulfur-based positive-electrode active material which can largely improve cyclability of a lithium-ion secondary battery, a positive electrode comprising the positive-electrode active material and a lithium-ion secondary battery comprising the positive electrode. The sulfur-based positive-electrode active material is one comprising: a carbon skeleton derived from a polymer composed of a monomer unit having at least one hetero atom-containing moiety, and sulfur incorporated into the carbon skeleton as the carbon skeleton is formed from the polymer by heat treatment.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel sulfur-based positive-electrode active material which can largely improve cyclability of a lithium-ion secondary battery, a positive electrode comprising the positive-electrode active material and a lithium-ion secondary battery comprising the positive electrode. The sulfur-based positive-electrode active material is one comprising: a carbon skeleton derived from a polymer composed of a monomer unit having at least one hetero atom-containing moiety, and sulfur incorporated into the carbon skeleton as the carbon skeleton is formed from the polymer by heat treatment.