Random copolymers, crosslinked thin films of the random copolymers and cell culture substrates comprising the crosslinked thin films are provided. Also provided are methods of making and using the copolymers, thin films and substrates. The copolymers are polymerized from glycidyl methacrylate monomers and vinyl azlactone monomers. The crosslinked thin films are substrate independent, in that they need not be covalently bound to a substrate to form a stable film on the substrate surface.

Random copolymers, crosslinked thin films of the random copolymers and cell culture substrates comprising the crosslinked thin films are provided. Also provided are methods of making and using the copolymers, thin films and substrates. The copolymers are polymerized from glycidyl methacrylate monomers and vinyl azlactone monomers. The crosslinked thin films are substrate independent, in that they need not be covalently bound to a substrate to form a stable film on the substrate surface.

Cationic cyclic amine containing polymers and copolymers as well as novel lipids have been designed and synthesized for efficient delivery of nucleic acids to cells in biological systems, specifically for in vitro cell transfection research.

Cationic cyclic amine containing polymers and copolymers as well as novel lipids have been designed and synthesized for efficient delivery of nucleic acids to cells in biological systems, specifically for in vitro cell transfection research.

The invention provides: imidazole and imidazolium compounds of formulas (I) and (II): ##STR00001##
polymers containing a plurality of imidazolium-containing repeating units of formula (III′): ##STR00002##
and membranes and devices comprising the polymers. Also provided are methods of making the inventive compounds and polymers.

A resin composition is provided and contains a compound (A) having at least one group represented by the following Formula (1) in a molecule, a crosslinking type curing agent (B), and an azo compound (C) that has an azo group in a molecule and has no heteroatom other than a nitrogen atom constituting the azo group. ##STR00001## In Formula (1), n represents 0 to 10, Z represents an arylene group, and R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

A resin composition is provided and contains a compound (A) having at least one group represented by the following Formula (1) in a molecule, a crosslinking type curing agent (B), and an azo compound (C) that has an azo group in a molecule and has no heteroatom other than a nitrogen atom constituting the azo group. ##STR00001## In Formula (1), n represents 0 to 10, Z represents an arylene group, and R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

Provided is an electrophotographic member that is excellent in charge-imparting performance for a toner, and that hardly causes tackiness on its surface even when placed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment over a long time period. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer, in which the surface layer satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) the surface layer contains, in a region from its surface to a depth of up to 0.1 μm, a copolymer containing a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (1), and at least one selected from the group consisting of a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (2) and a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (3); and (B) the concentration of a nitrogen atom derived from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic amine structure in the copolymer is from 6.0 mass % to 30.0 mass %.

##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic member that is excellent in charge-imparting performance for a toner, and that hardly causes tackiness on its surface even when placed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment over a long time period. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer, in which the surface layer satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) the surface layer contains, in a region from its surface to a depth of up to 0.1 μm, a copolymer containing a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (1), and at least one selected from the group consisting of a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (2) and a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (3); and (B) the concentration of a nitrogen atom derived from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic amine structure in the copolymer is from 6.0 mass % to 30.0 mass %.

##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic member that is excellent in charge-imparting performance for a toner, and that hardly causes tackiness on its surface even when placed under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment over a long time period. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer, in which the surface layer satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) the surface layer contains, in a region from its surface to a depth of up to 0.1 μm, a copolymer containing a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (1), and at least one selected from the group consisting of a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (2) and a constituent unit represented by the following structural formula (3); and (B) the concentration of a nitrogen atom derived from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic amine structure in the copolymer is from 6.0 mass % to 30.0 mass %.

##STR00001##