The present disclosure relates to a cathode active material for a secondary battery, comprising a poly(S-co-VPA) vulcanized polymer, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium-sulfur secondary battery comprising the same.

A modification method of a surface of a substrate includes: applying a composition on a surface of a metal substrate, and heating a coating film formed by the applying, wherein the composition contains: a polymer having a first structural unit that includes an aromatic ring, and a second structural unit that includes an ethylenic double bond; a thermal acid generating agent; and a solvent, wherein the polymer has a functional group capable of bonding to a metal atom in the metal substrate.

A modification method of a surface of a substrate includes: applying a composition on a surface of a metal substrate, and heating a coating film formed by the applying, wherein the composition contains: a polymer having a first structural unit that includes an aromatic ring, and a second structural unit that includes an ethylenic double bond; a thermal acid generating agent; and a solvent, wherein the polymer has a functional group capable of bonding to a metal atom in the metal substrate.

A modified diene polymer according to an embodiment comprises a diene polymer having graft polymerized thereon a vinylphosphonic acid represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ##STR00001##

A modified diene polymer according to an embodiment comprises a diene polymer having graft polymerized thereon a vinylphosphonic acid represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ##STR00001##

There is provided a smart release potash fertilizer granule comprising a potash core; an extended release layer covering the potash core, wherein the extended release layer comprises water-swellable copolymeric nanoparticles and at least one water-soluble organic acid or water-soluble organic carboxylate salt; a controlled release layer covering the extended release layer, wherein the controlled release layer comprises water-swellable copolymeric nanoparticles; and an anticaking layer covering the controlled release layer, wherein the anticaking layer comprises water-insoluble copolymeric nanoparticles.

There is provided a smart release potash fertilizer granule comprising a potash core; an extended release layer covering the potash core, wherein the extended release layer comprises water-swellable copolymeric nanoparticles and at least one water-soluble organic acid or water-soluble organic carboxylate salt; a controlled release layer covering the extended release layer, wherein the controlled release layer comprises water-swellable copolymeric nanoparticles; and an anticaking layer covering the controlled release layer, wherein the anticaking layer comprises water-insoluble copolymeric nanoparticles.

Articles having functional surfaces, for example antimicrobial functional surfaces, are prepared by methods comprising anodization. Organophosphorous compounds are deposited on a surface by methods comprising anodization, followed by attaching functional compounds, functional oligomers or functional polymers. Alternatively, functional organophosphorous compounds, functional oligomers or functional polymers are deposited on a surface by methods comprising anodization.

Articles having functional surfaces, for example antimicrobial functional surfaces, are prepared by methods comprising anodization. Organophosphorous compounds are deposited on a surface by methods comprising anodization, followed by attaching functional compounds, functional oligomers or functional polymers. Alternatively, functional organophosphorous compounds, functional oligomers or functional polymers are deposited on a surface by methods comprising anodization.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of multiphase polymer particles comprising first polymer particles having a T.sub.g of less than 30° C. and second polymer particles having a T.sub.g in the range of from 100° C. to 110° C., wherein the second polymer particles are phase separated from and occluded within the first polymer particles; wherein the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the multiphase polymer particles is in the range of from 9,000 to 25,000 g/mole; and wherein the second polymer particles comprise at least 95 weight percent methyl methacrylate. The composition of the present invention is useful in a formulation that can be used to prepare a water-resistant blister free LASD coating with little or no surface defects.