A crosslinking agent includes a compound represented by a formula (1), ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, and a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group; m is an integer from 2 to 6; l is an integer from 0 to 2; and each hydrogen on the benzene ring(s) may be substituted.

A crosslinking agent includes a compound represented by a formula (1), ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, and a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group; m is an integer from 2 to 6; l is an integer from 0 to 2; and each hydrogen on the benzene ring(s) may be substituted.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1), the polymer (1) including a polymerized unit derived from a monomer CX.sub.2═CY(—CZ.sub.2—O—Rf-A), wherein X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkylene group or a C—C100 fluorine-containing alkylene group and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR.sup.7.sub.4, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R.sup.7 is H or an organic group, providing that at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1), the polymer (1) including a polymerized unit derived from a monomer CX.sub.2═CY(—CZ.sub.2—O—Rf-A), wherein X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkylene group or a C—C100 fluorine-containing alkylene group and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR.sup.7.sub.4, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R.sup.7 is H or an organic group, providing that at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.

Disclosed is a graft copolymer containing a polyfluorene-based polymer as a main chain and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a side chain, and an element including the same. The graft copolymer contains both the polyfluorene-based polymer and the PVDF, so that the graft copolymer may increase miscibility between polymers to prepare a composite having excellent performance, prepare an uniform thin film through a solution process, and be used as a single material that exhibits both piezoelectric properties and luminescence properties.

Disclosed is a graft copolymer containing a polyfluorene-based polymer as a main chain and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a side chain, and an element including the same. The graft copolymer contains both the polyfluorene-based polymer and the PVDF, so that the graft copolymer may increase miscibility between polymers to prepare a composite having excellent performance, prepare an uniform thin film through a solution process, and be used as a single material that exhibits both piezoelectric properties and luminescence properties.

Provided are methods for making shaped fluoropolymer by additive processing using a polymerizable binder. Also are 3D printable compositions for making shaped fluoropolymer articles and articles comprising a shaped fluoropolymer.

Provided are methods for making shaped fluoropolymer by additive processing using a polymerizable binder. Also are 3D printable compositions for making shaped fluoropolymer articles and articles comprising a shaped fluoropolymer.

Provided are methods for making shaped fluoropolymer by additive processing using a polymerizable binder. Also are 3D printable compositions for making shaped fluoropolymer articles and articles comprising a shaped fluoropolymer.

Provided are method of producing a shaped fluoropolymer articles. The methods include subjecting a composition comprising a fluoropolymer to additive processing in an additive processing device. Also provided are articles obtained with the methods and 3D-printable compositions.