Click reactions may be used to bond polymers to lignin by taking advantage of lignin's terminal hydroxyl and thiol groups via an alkyne-azide click reaction or a thiol-alkene or thiol-alkyne click reaction. By selecting functional polymers, these methods may be used to synthesize lignin-containing polymer materials with an array of different properties, such as self-healing polymers.

Click reactions may be used to bond polymers to lignin by taking advantage of lignin's terminal hydroxyl and thiol groups via an alkyne-azide click reaction or a thiol-alkene or thiol-alkyne click reaction. By selecting functional polymers, these methods may be used to synthesize lignin-containing polymer materials with an array of different properties, such as self-healing polymers.

There is provided a resin composition containing a polyimide or a polyimide precursor, where a cured substance obtained from the resin composition satisfies all of the following conditions (i) to (iv), and are provided a cured substance, a laminate, a manufacturing method for a cured substance, a manufacturing method for a laminate, a manufacturing method for a semiconductor device, and a semiconductor device; condition (i): a Young's modulus of the cured substance is 3.5 GPa or more, condition (ii): a coefficient of thermal expansion of the cured substance in a temperature range of 25 C. to 125 C. is less than 50 ppm/ C., condition (iii): a Tg of the cured substance is 240 C. or higher, and condition (iv): a breaking elongation of the cured substance is 40% or more.

Zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for making zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for using zwitterionic double network hydrogels, and articles made from and coated with zwitterionic double network hydrogels.

Zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for making zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for using zwitterionic double network hydrogels, and articles made from and coated with zwitterionic double network hydrogels.

Zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for making zwitterionic double network hydrogels, methods for using zwitterionic double network hydrogels, and articles made from and coated with zwitterionic double network hydrogels.