A process for preparation of an ethylene polymer in a gas-phase polymerization unit comprising a gas-phase polymerization reactor by homopolymerizing ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene and one or more C.sub.4-C.sub.12-1-alkenes in a reaction gas made from or containing propane as polymerization diluent in the presence of a pre-activated polymerization catalyst, wherein a purified propane feed stream made from or containing at least 99 mol % propane and from 0.1 to 100 ppm mol propylene is fed to the gas-phase polymerization unit.

A process for preparation of an ethylene polymer in a gas-phase polymerization unit comprising a gas-phase polymerization reactor by homopolymerizing ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene and one or more C.sub.4-C.sub.12-1-alkenes in a reaction gas made from or containing propane as polymerization diluent in the presence of a pre-activated polymerization catalyst, wherein a purified propane feed stream made from or containing at least 99 mol % propane and from 0.1 to 100 ppm mol propylene is fed to the gas-phase polymerization unit.

In various embodiments, a polyethylene formulation has a density of greater than 0.940 g/cm.sup.3 when measured according to ASTM D792, and a high load melt index (I.sub.21) of 1.0 g/10 min to 10.0 g/10 min when measured according to ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and a 21.6 kg load. Moreover, the polyethylene formulation has a peak molecular weight (M.sub.p(GPC)) of less than 50,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n(GPC)) of less than 30,000 g/mol, and a weight fraction (w1) of molecular weight (MW) less than 10,000 g/mol of less than or equal to 10.5 wt %, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Articles made from the polyethylene formulation, such as articles made by blow molding processes are also provided.

In various embodiments, a polyethylene formulation has a density of greater than 0.940 g/cm.sup.3 when measured according to ASTM D792, and a high load melt index (I.sub.21) of 1.0 g/10 min to 10.0 g/10 min when measured according to ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and a 21.6 kg load. Moreover, the polyethylene formulation has a peak molecular weight (M.sub.p(GPC)) of less than 50,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n(GPC)) of less than 30,000 g/mol, and a weight fraction (w1) of molecular weight (MW) less than 10,000 g/mol of less than or equal to 10.5 wt %, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Articles made from the polyethylene formulation, such as articles made by blow molding processes are also provided.

A method comprising synthesizing a cyclic organic compound via reaction of an unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene with an unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid in the presence of phosphoric and/or sulfonic acid reagent to make the cyclic organic compound. Also, a method of synthesizing a ligand for a transition metal, and a related substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst, from the unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene and unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid. Also, the cyclic organic compound, ligand, and substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst synthesized thereby. Also a method of polymerizing an olefin with the catalyst to give a polyolefin, and the polyolefin made thereby.

A method comprising synthesizing a cyclic organic compound via reaction of an unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene with an unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid in the presence of phosphoric and/or sulfonic acid reagent to make the cyclic organic compound. Also, a method of synthesizing a ligand for a transition metal, and a related substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst, from the unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene and unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid. Also, the cyclic organic compound, ligand, and substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst synthesized thereby. Also a method of polymerizing an olefin with the catalyst to give a polyolefin, and the polyolefin made thereby.

Process for preparing an olefin polymer including the step of polymerizing an olefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst and hydrogen as molecular weight regulator in a gas-phase polymerization reactor to yield growing polymer particles, the reactor including three or more polymerization zones and at least two thereof are sub-zones of a polymerization unit wherein the growing polymer particles flow downward in a densified form and at least one polymerization zone has a ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins which is a factor of at least 1.5 lower than the ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins in the polymerization zone having the highest ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins and a factor of at least 1.5 higher than the ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins in the polymerization zone having the lowest ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins.

Process for preparing an olefin polymer including the step of polymerizing an olefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst and hydrogen as molecular weight regulator in a gas-phase polymerization reactor to yield growing polymer particles, the reactor including three or more polymerization zones and at least two thereof are sub-zones of a polymerization unit wherein the growing polymer particles flow downward in a densified form and at least one polymerization zone has a ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins which is a factor of at least 1.5 lower than the ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins in the polymerization zone having the highest ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins and a factor of at least 1.5 higher than the ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins in the polymerization zone having the lowest ratio of hydrogen to the sum of olefins.

A method comprising synthesizing a cyclic organic compound via reaction of an unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene with an unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid in the presence of phosphoric and/or sulfonic acid reagent to make the cyclic organic compound. Also, a method of synthesizing a ligand for a transition metal, and a related substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst, from the unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene and unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid. Also, the cyclic organic compound, ligand, and substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst synthesized thereby. Also a method of polymerizing an olefin with the catalyst to give a polyolefin, and the polyolefin made thereby.

A method comprising synthesizing a cyclic organic compound via reaction of an unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene with an unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid in the presence of phosphoric and/or sulfonic acid reagent to make the cyclic organic compound. Also, a method of synthesizing a ligand for a transition metal, and a related substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst, from the unsubstituted or substituted cycloheptene and unsubstituted or substituted acrylic acid. Also, the cyclic organic compound, ligand, and substituted ligand-metal complex and catalyst synthesized thereby. Also a method of polymerizing an olefin with the catalyst to give a polyolefin, and the polyolefin made thereby.