The present invention relates to an alkyd resin comprising the condensation product of at least the following components (A) a polybasic acid, (B) a polyhydric alcohol, and (C) a linear C.sub.12-C.sub.60 hydrocarbo monocarboxylic acid, and optionally (D) at least one component other than any of components A to C characterized in that at least a part of the polybasic acid (A) is a (optionally hydrogenated) Diels Alder adduct of citraconic acid with C.sub.4-C.sub.14 conjugated diene, a (optionally hydrogenated) Diels Alder adduct of citraconic anhydride with C.sub.4-C.sub.14 conjugated diene, a half ester of such a Diels Alder adduct and/or a diester of such a Diels Alder adduct.

Disclosed are powder coating compositions that include a polymeric aromatic product of an aromatic isocyanate manufacturing process.

Disclosed are powder coating compositions that include a polymeric aromatic product of an aromatic isocyanate manufacturing process.

Thermosetting powdered coating compositions comprising (a) a high Acid Value carboxylic acid functional polyester resin having an Acid Value of at least 100 mg KOH/g and a functionality of at least 4.5, (b) a low Acid Value carboxylic acid functional polyester resin having an Acid Value of 20 to 50 mg KOH/g and a functionality of about 2.5 or less, and (c) a cross-linking agent. The high Acid Value polyester resin is the reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride reacted with a polyester polyol obtained from reacting 0 mol % to 100 mol % of isophthalic acid and/or 0 to 100 mol % terephthalic acid, or a mixture thereof, with a polyol mixture comprising at least one diol and at least one polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups. The thermosetting powdered coating compositions provide coatings with low gloss levels that can be adjusted from a gloss level of less than 1 to 40 or less, when measured at an angle of 60, by varying the ratios of the high Acid Value and low Acid Value polyester resins in the composition.

Thermosetting powdered coating compositions comprising (a) a high Acid Value carboxylic acid functional polyester resin having an Acid Value of at least 100 mg KOH/g and a functionality of at least 4.5, (b) a low Acid Value carboxylic acid functional polyester resin having an Acid Value of 20 to 50 mg KOH/g and a functionality of about 2.5 or less, and (c) a cross-linking agent. The high Acid Value polyester resin is the reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride reacted with a polyester polyol obtained from reacting 0 mol % to 100 mol % of isophthalic acid and/or 0 to 100 mol % terephthalic acid, or a mixture thereof, with a polyol mixture comprising at least one diol and at least one polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups. The thermosetting powdered coating compositions provide coatings with low gloss levels that can be adjusted from a gloss level of less than 1 to 40 or less, when measured at an angle of 60, by varying the ratios of the high Acid Value and low Acid Value polyester resins in the composition.

New homopolymers and copolymers of diester-based polymers have been synthesized. When these polymers are combined with electrolyte salts, such polymer electrolytes have shown excellent electrochemical oxidation stability in lithium battery cells. Their stability along with their excellent ionic conductivities make them especially suitable as electrolytes in high energy density lithium battery cells.

New homopolymers and copolymers of diester-based polymers have been synthesized. When these polymers are combined with electrolyte salts, such polymer electrolytes have shown excellent electrochemical oxidation stability in lithium battery cells. Their stability along with their excellent ionic conductivities make them especially suitable as electrolytes in high energy density lithium battery cells.

The invention relates to a polyester resin for toner to be used in the development of an electrostatic image or magnetic latent image in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing, or the like, a method for producing a polyester resin for toner, and a toner, and an object of the invention is to provide, with excellent productivity and stability, a polyester resin for toner having excellent storage stability, hot offset resistance, and low temperature fixing property as toner while still considering the environmental protection and safety. A polyester resin for toner contains 40 mol % or more and 60 mol % or less of structural units derived from tri- or higher hydric carboxylic acids based on 100 mol % of structural units derived from all acid components, and has a metal content of 100 ppm or less.

The polyester sheet in accordance with an aspect of the present invention contains crystals of polyester which is a polycondensate of polyvalent carboxylic acid and polyalcohol. The polyester sheet contains nano-oriented crystals which contain crystals of polyester in each of which a polymer chain is highly oriented and each of which has a crystal size of 50 nm or less. A heatproof temperature of the polyester sheet is higher than a temperature that is lower than an equilibrium melting point of the polyester by 80 C., and a melting point of the polyester sheet is higher than a temperature that is lower than the equilibrium melting point of the polyester by 40 C.

The polyester sheet in accordance with an aspect of the present invention contains crystals of polyester which is a polycondensate of polyvalent carboxylic acid and polyalcohol. The polyester sheet contains nano-oriented crystals which contain crystals of polyester in each of which a polymer chain is highly oriented and each of which has a crystal size of 50 nm or less. A heatproof temperature of the polyester sheet is higher than a temperature that is lower than an equilibrium melting point of the polyester by 80 C., and a melting point of the polyester sheet is higher than a temperature that is lower than the equilibrium melting point of the polyester by 40 C.